Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34908612›Full record

ArticleSocial science quarterly2021

Conservatism and infrequent mask usage: A study of US counties during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

Kelsey E Gonzalez, Rina James, Eric T Bjorklund, Terrence D Hill

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Social science quarterly, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Scaling COVID-19 rates with population size in the United States.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025
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  5. Article
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  11. Religious Fundamentalism, Delusions, and Conspiracy Beliefs Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Kelsey E GonzalezSchool of Sociology The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6592-8075
Rina JamesSchool of Sociology The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-3987
Eric T BjorklundSanford School of Social and Family Dynamics Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1977-4420
Terrence D HillDepartment of Sociology The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-7753

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveAlthough the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention eventually recommended wearing masks in public to slow the spread of the coronavirus, the practice has been unevenly distributed in the United States.

methodsIn this article, we model county-level infrequent mask usage as a function of three pillars of conservatism: (1) Republican political leadership (percentage of votes for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election), (2) conservative Protestantism (percentage evangelical Christian), and (3) right-wing media consumption (Google searches for

resultsOur analyses indicate that mask usage tends to be

conclusionGiven the effectiveness of masks in limiting the transmission of respiratory droplets, conservative ideological resistance to public health and recommended pandemic lifestyles may indirectly support the spread of the coronavirus.

Indexed as

COVID‐19health behaviorpolitics

Identifiers

PMID34908612
PMCPMC8661919

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.