ArticleBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2022
Proton pump inhibitors are associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in a prospective population-based cohort study.
Article in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association and Mechanisms of Proton Pump Inhibitors Use with Type-2Diabetes Mellitus Incidence in Adults: A Systemic Review andMeta-Analysis.Current diabetes reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Association between impaired glucose metabolism and long-term prognosis at the time of diagnosis of depression: Impaired glucose metabolism as a promising biomarker proposed through a machine-learning approach.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2023Pooled it
- Pancreatic Function in Chronic Proton Pump Inhibitor Use: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study.Maedica · 2025Article
- Drug-induced regeneration of pancreatic beta cells: An approach to cellular therapeutic targets.Cell regeneration (London, England) · 2025Review
- Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: correlation analysis, prediction model construction, and key genes identification.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Proton pump inhibitor use is associated with increased liver steatosis.Biomedical reports · 2024Article
- Individualized prevention of proton pump inhibitor related adverse events by risk stratification.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Long-Term Administration of Omeprazole-Induced Hypergastrinemia and Changed Glucose Homeostasis and Expression of Metabolism-Related Genes.BioMed research international · 2024Article
- Review
- Exposure to proton pump inhibitors and risk of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of diabetes · 2023Article
- Dose-Dependent Proton Pump Inhibitor Exposure and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Prolonged Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From a Large Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
- Proton pump inhibitors are associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in a prospective population-based cohort study.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo investigate the association between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and risk of incident diabetes in a follow-up study and to investigate its potential mechanisms.
methodsA total of 9531 individuals without type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at baseline were included from the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based cohort of 14 926 individuals aged 45 years or older. During the study period (1 April 1997 to 1 January 2012) all incident cases of T2DM were enrolled. We used multivariable linear regression analysis to investigate the associations of baseline PPI use and various serum biomarkers (eg, serum magnesium, insulin-like growth factor 1) which might modify the association. Thereafter, we excluded prevalent PPI users and performed a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to explore the time-varying effect of incident PPI use on T2DM during follow-up.
resultsBaseline use of a PPI was associated with increased serum levels of fasting insulin (0.091 pmoL/L, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.049, 0.133), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (0.100, 95% CI 0.056, 0.145) and C-reactive protein (0.29 mg/L, 95% CI 0.198, 0.384), but decreased levels of magnesium (-0.009 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.014, -0.004) and IGF-1 (-0.805 nmoL/L, 95% CI -1.015, -0.595). After adjustment for risk factors such as physical activity and body mass index/waist-to-hip ratio, current use of PPI was associated with an increased risk of incident T2DM (hazard ratio [HR] 1.69, 95% CI 1.36-2.10). The effect was dose-dependent with the highest risk (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.29-2.75) in those on more than one defined daily dose.
conclusionNew users of PPIs during follow-up had a significantly higher dose-dependent risk of incident diabetes. We suggest vigilance regarding their potential adverse effect on glucose homeostasis.
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