ArticleThe AAPS journal2021
Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Celastrol-Loaded : Bilirubin Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Article in The AAPS journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Overcoming the Druggability Hurdles of Celastrol: A Critical Review of Advanced Drug Delivery Strategies.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Theranostic Nanoprobes for Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Inflammation Visualization to Guided Precision Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Research Progress on Self-Assembling Delivery Systems in Rheumatoid Arthritis.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Injectable Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Targeted Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy via Concurrent ROS Attenuation and Macrophage Repolarization.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
- The Convergence of Biology and Material Science: Biomolecule-Driven Smart Drug Delivery Systems.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- The role of celastrol in inflammation and diseases.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Review
- From Physicochemical Constraints to Clinical Prospects of Celastrol: Challenges and Nano Delivery Strategies.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Nanocarrier-based delivery of siRNA therapeutics in rheumatoid arthritis: immune mechanisms and translational perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Triterpenes Drug Delivery Systems, a Modern Approach for Arthritis Targeted Therapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Toward nanotechnology-enabled application of bilirubin in the treatment and diagnosis of various civilization diseases.Materials today. Bio · 2023Review
- High indirect bilirubin levels as an independent predictor of postoperative myasthenic crisis: a single-center, retrospective study.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Stimuli-Responsive Nanoplatforms for Precision Intervention in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnologyReview
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Celastrol (CLT) has shown anti-rheumatic activity against rheumatoid arthritis, while its poor water solubility and high organ toxicity restrict its further therapeutic applications. To mitigate these challenges, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanoparticle was developed for celastrol delivery based on the excessive ROS at the pathologic sites, which was synthesized by conjugating bilirubin to a polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain. The PEGylated bilirubin self-assembled into nanoparticle (BRNP) in aqueous solution had a hydrodynamic diameter of around 68.6 nm, and celastrol was loaded into BRNP (CLT/BRNP) with a drug encapsulation efficiency of 72.6% and a loading capacity of 6.6%. In vitro study revealed that CLT/BRNP exhibited the capacity of scavenging intracellular ROS and down-regulating the level of nitric oxide after it was effectively internalized by activated macrophages. Furthermore, in adjuvant-induced arthritis rats, BRNP was accumulated preferentially at inflamed joints, alleviating the joint swelling and bone erosion, which significantly decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines to suppress the RA progression. Importantly, CLT/BRNP markedly enhanced its anti-arthritic effect and attenuated the toxic effect compared with free celastrol. Taken together, our results suggested that CLT/BRNP could be used for targeted drug delivery in rheumatoid arthritis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.