ReviewMolecular psychiatry2022
A Delphi-method-based consensus guideline for definition of treatment-resistant depression for clinical trials.
Open access · hybridAbstract readConsensus StatementReview
In one paragraph
Review in Molecular psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
96citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
21.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 192 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of gut microbiome-targeted treatment in patients with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of perioperative esketamine on postoperative depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Metabolic activity of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 on antidepressant response from 13 clinical studies using genotype imputation: a meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as a Predictor of Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and tolerability of minocycline in depressive patients with or without treatment-resistant: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as Maintenance Treatment of Depression: The MAINT-R Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Psilocybin for treatment resistant depression in patients taking a concomitant SSRI medication.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Trial
- Treatment-Resistant Depression as a Heterogeneous Clinical Syndrome: A Personalized Medicine Framework for Diagnostic Reassessment, Suicide Risk, and Mechanism-Based Treatment.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Treatment-resistant Depression in the Post-ketamine Era: Unmet Needs beyond Rapid Response.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Socioeconomic barriers to psychotherapy engagement in treatment-resistant depression.BJPsych bulletin · 2026Article
- A Longitudinal Study on Predicting Treatment Response in Depression Using Self-Reported Symptoms.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Toward next-generation stress generation research: Expert consensus methodological guidelines.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2026Article
- Article
- Definition of treatment-resistant late-life depression: Conclusions from a European Task Force Delphi process.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Article
- Structural imaging predictors of ketamine response in treatment-resistant depression: a machine learning approach.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Has Deep Brain Stimulation Shown Its Full Potential in Treatment-Resistant Depression? A Scoping Review.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- Efficacy of Personalized Connectivity-Guided Accelerated Brain Stimulation in a Naturalistic Treatment-Resistant Depression Population.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The HPA axis and kynurenine pathway: exploring the role of stress and neuroinflammation in treatment-resistant depression.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2026Review
- Suicide attempt history, childhood trauma, and functional brain network alterations in major depressive disorder: a resting-state functional connectivity-based multivariate pattern analysis.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Cardiometabolic Index as a Mediator in the Association Between Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate and Depressive Symptoms: A Population-Based Study.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
61 authors at 20 institutions in 13 countries.
Luca SforziniKing's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK. luca.sforzini@kcl.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6795-0391
Courtney WorrellKing's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0539-2376
Melisa KoseKing's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
Ian M AndersonNeuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.
Bruno AouizerateDepartment of General and Academic Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology (UMR INRAE 1286), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
Volker AroltDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Michael BauerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2666-859X
Bernhard T BauneDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Pierre BlierMood Disorders Research Unit, The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Anthony J CleareKing's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-939X
Philip J CowenMedical Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5518-6138
Timothy G DinanAPC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2316-7220
Andrea FagioliniDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
I Nicol FerrierTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Ulrich HegerlDepression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation and Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
Andrew D KrystalDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6702-781X
Marion LeboyerUniversité Paris Est Creteil (UPEC), AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire d'Addictologie et Psychiatrie (DMU IMPACT), INSERM U955, IMRB, translational Neuropsychiatry lab, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010, Creteil, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-3697
R Hamish McAllister-WilliamsTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Roger S McIntyreDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Andreas Meyer-LindenbergDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
Andrew H MillerDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8260-7997
Charles B NemeroffDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-1160
Claus NormannDepartment for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-8936
David NuttCentre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Psychiatry, Imperial College, London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-1401
Stefano PallantiIstituto di Neuroscience, University of Florence, Italy; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA.
Luca PaniDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Psychiatry University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
Brenda W J H PenninxDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit and GGZinGeest, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Alan F SchatzbergDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Richard C SheltonDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Lakshmi N YathamDepartment of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Allan H YoungKing's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2291-6952
Roland ZahnKing's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.
Georgios AislaitnerFederal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Bonn, Germany.
Florence Butlen-DucuingOffice of Therapies for Neurological and Psychiatric disorders, Human Medicines Division, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Christine FletcherBiostatistics, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK.
Marion HaberkampFederal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM), Bonn, Germany.
Thomas LaughrenLaughren Psychopharm Consulting, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA.
Fanni-Laura MäntyläGAMIAN-Europe (Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks-Europe), Brussels, Belgium.
Koen SchruersDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Andrew ThomsonData, Analytics and Methodology Taskforce, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Gara Arteaga-HenríquezDepartment of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Francesco BenedettiVita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4949-856X
Lucinda Cash-GibsonStrategic Projects Unit, Vall d 'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.
Woo Ri ChaeCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6326-8333
Heidi De SmedtJanssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium.
Stefan M GoldCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5188-4799
Witte J G HoogendijkDepartment of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Valeria Jordán MondragónMedical Director Neuroscience for Region Europe at Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland.
Eduard MaronDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Jadwiga MartynowiczDepartment of Global Regulatory Affairs, Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA.
Elisa MelloniVita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
Christian OtteCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4051-997X
Gabriela Perez-FuentesGroup of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addictions, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Sara PolettiDivision of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9594-0246
Mark E SchmidtExperimental Medicine, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
Edwin van de KetterijEuropean Infrastructure for Translational Medicine (EATRIS), Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-3549
Katherine WooDepartment of Global Regulatory Affairs, Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA.
Yanina FlossbachNeuroscience, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
J Antoni Ramos-QuirogaDepartment of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-0350
Adam J SavitzDepartment of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA.
Carmine M ParianteKing's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-5091
King's College London · GBJanssen (United States) · USUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona · ESCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin · DEEuropean Medicines Agency · NLFederal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices · DEJanssen (Belgium) · BENovartis (Switzerland) · CHVita-Salute San Raffaele University · ITAlbert Einstein College of Medicine · USCumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust · GBDuke University · USEast Tallinn Central Hospital · EEEmory University · USErasmus University Rotterdam · NLGGZ inGeest · NLGlaxoSmithKline (United Kingdom) · GBGlobal Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks-Europe · BEGoethe University Frankfurt · DEHeidelberg University · DE
Funding
Medical Research Council G108/603Medical Research Council MR/S003037/1
Abstract
Criteria for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and partially responsive depression (PRD) as subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD) are not unequivocally defined. In the present document we used a Delphi-method-based consensus approach to define TRD and PRD and to serve as operational criteria for future clinical studies, especially if conducted for regulatory purposes. We reviewed the literature and brought together a group of international experts (including clinicians, academics, researchers, employees of pharmaceutical companies, regulatory bodies representatives, and one person with lived experience) to evaluate the state-of-the-art and main controversies regarding the current classification. We then provided recommendations on how to design clinical trials, and on how to guide research in unmet needs and knowledge gaps. This report will feed into one of the main objectives of the EUropean Patient-cEntric clinicAl tRial pLatforms, Innovative Medicines Initiative (EU-PEARL, IMI) MDD project, to design a protocol for platform trials of new medications for TRD/PRD.
Indexed as
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-ResistantMajor Depressive DisorderAdaptive Clinical Trials as TopicDepressionHumans
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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.