ArticleScientific reports2021
Pharmacokinetics and central accumulation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its bioactive metabolites are influenced by route of administration and sex in rats.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Are Cannabis-Based Medicines a Useful Treatment for Neuropathic Pain? A Systematic Review.Biomolecules · 2025Pooled it
- Dose-dependent effect of acute THC on extinction memory recall and fear renewal: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Psychopharmacology · 2026Trial
- Sex-specific role of microglia in ΔNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Context-dependent attention and memory outcomes resulting from combined prenatal THC and nicotine exposure following chronic stress.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2026Article
- Cannabinoid neuropharmacology across the lifespan: how aging recalibrates risk and benefit.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Long-term effects of adolescent THC exposure on anxiety-like behavior and cognitive function in male rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Effects of nicotinic receptor antagonism on nicotine and THC self-administration in a model of polysubstance use.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Pharmacokinetics of oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration in vervet monkeys.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Review
- Acute and chronic cannabis vapor exposure produces immediate and delayed impacts on phases of fear learning in a sex specific manner.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Impact of prenatal delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure on mouse brain development: a fetal-to-adulthood magnetic resonance imaging study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prenatal cannabis smoke exposure alters placental development in a murine model of pregnancy.PloS one · 2026Article
- Pharmacotherapy for Cannabis Use Disorder: Preclinical and Clinical Models.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2026Review
- Cannabis produces acute hyperphagia in humans and rodents via increased reward valuation for, and motivation to, acquire food.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- The regulation of placental pericyte function through transforming growth factor β-1 signalling.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Timing matters: modeling the effects of gestational cannabis exposure on social behavior and microglia in the developing amygdala.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) Dose Dependently Blocks or Substitutes for Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a Drug Discrimination Task in Rats.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Effects of nicotinic receptor antagonism on nicotine and THC self-administration in a model of polysubstance use.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Synaptic signatures of perinatal cannabinoids: A systematic review of rodent hippocampal synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Review
- Beneficial and adverse effects of THC on cognition in the HIV-1 transgenic rat model: Importance of exploring task- and sex-dependent outcomes.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Up to a third of North Americans report using cannabis in the prior month, most commonly through inhalation. Animal models that reflect human consumption are critical to study the impact of cannabis on brain and behaviour. Most animal studies to date utilize injection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; primary psychoactive component of cannabis). THC injections produce markedly different physiological and behavioural effects than inhalation, likely due to distinctive pharmacokinetics. The current study directly examined if administration route (injection versus inhalation) alters metabolism and central accumulation of THC and metabolites over time. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats received either an intraperitoneal injection or a 15-min session of inhaled exposure to THC. Blood and brains were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 240-min post-exposure for analysis of THC and metabolites. Despite achieving comparable peak blood THC concentrations in both groups, our results indicate higher initial brain THC concentration following inhalation, whereas injection resulted in dramatically higher 11-OH-THC concentration, a potent THC metabolite, in blood and brain that increased over time. Our results provide evidence of different pharmacokinetic profiles following inhalation versus injection. Accordingly, administration route should be considered during data interpretation, and translational animal work should strongly consider using inhalation models.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.