ArticleThe American journal of cardiology2022
Rate of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Use and the Number of COVID-19-Confirmed Cases and Deaths.
Article in The American journal of cardiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Risks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2020Pooled it
- Impact of more variations on in-hospital mortality among patients with confirmed COVID-19.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2022Article
- Rate of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Use and the Number of COVID-19-Confirmed Cases and Deaths.The American journal of cardiology · 2022Article
- An update on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 structure/functions, polymorphism, and duplicitous nature in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: Implications for vascular and coagulation disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- A Plausible Link of TMPRSS2/ACE2/AR Signaling to Male Mortality during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Pharmacological rationale for antihypertensive drug choice on COVID-19-affected patients: ACEI/ARB might not increase their susceptibility.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2020Article
- Outcomes of COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients Previously Treated with Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Using "old" medications to fight new COVID-19: Re-purposing with a purpose.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology · 2020Article
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4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor as an entry point to the cell. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a risk factor for COVID-19 with poor outcomes. We tested the hypothesis that the rate of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) use is associated with the rate of COVID-19-confirmed cases and deaths. We conducted a geospatial, ecological study using publicly available county-level data. The Medicare ACEI and ARB prescription rate was exposure. The COVID-19-confirmed case and death rates were outcomes. Spatial autoregression models were adjusted for the rate of births and deaths; Group Quarters population; percentage of female; percentage of Native American, Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and Black; percentage of children and older (>65 years) adults; percentage of uninsured; percentage of those living in poverty; percentage of those who are obese, smoking, admitting insufficient sleep, and those with at least some college degree; median household income; air quality index; CVD hospitalization rate in Medicare beneficiaries; and CVD death rate in a total county population. After adjustment for confounders, the ACEI use rate did not associate with COVID-19-confirmed case rate (direct county-own effect + 0.027%; 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.080 to 1.134; p = 0.962; indirect spillover effect + 0.26%; 95% CI -70.0 to 70.5; p = 0.994). Similarly, the ARB use rate was not associated with COVID-19-confirmed case rate (direct effect + 0.029%; 95% CI -0.803 to 0.862; p = 0.945; indirect effect + 0.19%; 95% CI -52.8 to 53.2; p = 0.994). In both unadjusted and adjusted Bayesian zero inflation Poisson analysis, neither ACEI nor ARB use rates were associated with COVID-19 death rates. In conclusion, ACEI and ARB use rates were not associated with COVID-19 infectivity and death rate in this ecological study.
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