ReviewCritical care (London, England)2021
A guide to enteral nutrition in intensive care units: 10 expert tips for the daily practice.
Review in Critical care (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Optimal timing of enteral nutrition initiation in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Influence of early enteral nutrition on mortality of adult patients with sepsis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European journal of medical research · 2025Pooled it
- The Australasian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: Consensus statements on refeeding syndrome.Nutrition & dietetics : the journal of the Dietitians Association of Australia · 2025Guideline
- Clinical effects and safety of semi-solid feeds in tube-fed patients: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical efficacy of enteral nutrition feeding modalities in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Early Enteral Nutrition on Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Sepsis Patients: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Feasibility of Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Septic Shock at a Tertiary Center in Vietnam.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2026Observational
- Preclinical Imaging for the Translation of Innovative Nutritional Strategies: Current Applications and Future Perspectives.Journal of imaging · 2026Review
- Effect of an Integrated Early Enteral Nutrition Management Protocol on Nutritional Target Attainment in Mechanically Ventilated ICU Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study Guided by the MRC Framework.Nursing in critical care · 2026Article
- Inflammatory gut-liver crosstalk: mechanisms and therapeutic targets.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Comparing characteristics and outcomes between hospitalized adults on a pea protein or dairy/soy protein formulas: initial findings.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2026Article
- The application of continuous enteral nutrition during sequential chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer: a retrospective study.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Beyond Early Initiation: Predictors of Successful Early Enteral Nutrition Advancement in Critically Ill Patients.Nutrients · 2026Article
- NRS-2002-defined nutritional risk and associated factors in intensive care unit patients: a cross-sectional study.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Article
- First-week caloric intake and 1-year mortality in critically ill medical patients with mechanical ventilation: A retrospective study.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Elevated Intra-Abdominal Pressure as a Prognostic Marker of Enteral Nutrition Intolerance and Adverse Outcomes in Neurocritical Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2026Article
- Development and evaluation of a machine learning-based risk prediction model for enteral feeding intolerance in sepsis patients.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Nutritional Support Strategies for Refeeding Syndrome in ICU Patients: A Review of Current Evidence.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Review
- Early enteral nutrition and dynamic metabolic-inflammatory trajectories in sepsis: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The preferential use of the oral/enteral route in critically ill patients over gut rest is uniformly recommended and applied. This article provides practical guidance on enteral nutrition in compliance with recent American and European guidelines. Low-dose enteral nutrition can be safely started within 48 h after admission, even during treatment with small or moderate doses of vasopressor agents. A percutaneous access should be used when enteral nutrition is anticipated for ≥ 4 weeks. Energy delivery should not be calculated to match energy expenditure before day 4-7, and the use of energy-dense formulas can be restricted to cases of inability to tolerate full-volume isocaloric enteral nutrition or to patients who require fluid restriction. Low-dose protein (max 0.8 g/kg/day) can be provided during the early phase of critical illness, while a protein target of > 1.2 g/kg/day could be considered during the rehabilitation phase. The occurrence of refeeding syndrome should be assessed by daily measurement of plasma phosphate, and a phosphate drop of 30% should be managed by reduction of enteral feeding rate and high-dose thiamine. Vomiting and increased gastric residual volume may indicate gastric intolerance, while sudden abdominal pain, distension, gastrointestinal paralysis, or rising abdominal pressure may indicate lower gastrointestinal intolerance.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.