Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34903838›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2021

Recent trends in global insecticide use for disease vector control and potential implications for resistance management.

Henk van den Berg, Haroldo Sergio da Silva Bezerra, Samira Al-Eryani, Emmanuel Chanda, Bhupender N Nagpal, Tessa B Knox, Raman Velayudhan, Rajpal S Yadav

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
93citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
19.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

93 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 162 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
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  5. Review
  6. Larvicidal activity ofParasite epidemiology and control · 2026
    Article
  7. Synergistic action of different molecular mechanisms causes striking levels of insecticide resistance in the malaria vectorProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
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  15. Mechanisms of carbamate resistance in the malaria vector:Parasite epidemiology and control · 2026
    Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Review

33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 7 institutions in 7 countries.

Henk van den BergLaboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Haroldo Sergio da Silva BezerraDepartment of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA.
Samira Al-EryaniWHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt.
Emmanuel ChandaWHO Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
Bhupender N NagpalWHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India.
Tessa B KnoxWHO Country Liaison Office, Port Vila, Vanuatu.
Raman VelayudhanDepartment of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland.
Rajpal S YadavDepartment of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland. yadavraj@who.int.
World Health Organization · CHVanuatu Cultural Centre · VUWageningen University & Research · NLWorld Health Organization Regional Office for Africa · CGWorld Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia · INWorld Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas · USWorld Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean · EG

Funding

World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Insecticides have played a major role in the prevention, control, and elimination of vector-borne diseases, but insecticide resistance threatens the efficacy of available vector control tools. A global survey was conducted to investigate vector control insecticide use from 2010 to 2019. Out of 140 countries selected as sample for the study, 87 countries responded. Also, data on ex-factory deliveries of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) were analyzed. Insecticide operational use was highest for control of malaria, followed by dengue, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Vector control relied on few insecticide classes with pyrethroids the most used overall. Results indicated that IRS programs have been slow to react to detection of pyrethroid resistance, while proactive resistance management using insecticides with unrelated modes of action was generally weak. The intensive use of recently introduced insecticide products raised concern about product stewardship regarding the preservation of insecticide susceptibility in vector populations. Resistance management was weakest for control of dengue, leishmaniasis or Chagas disease. Therefore, it will be vital that vector control programs coordinate on insecticide procurement, planning, implementation, resistance monitoring, and capacity building. Moreover, increased consideration should be given to alternative vector control tools that prevent the development of insecticide resistance.

Indexed as

Insecticide ResistanceAnimalsEquipment and Supplies UtilizationHumansInsect ControlInsecticidesInsect VectorsMosquito NetsVector Borne DiseasesInsecticides

Identifiers

PMID34903838
PMCPMC8669011
OpenAlexW4200582070

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.