ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Historical redlining and cardiovascular health: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Methodologic Strategies for Quantifying Associations of Historical and Contemporary Mortgage Discrimination on Population Health Equity: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of historic neighborhood redlining and contemporary health outcomes.Public health · 2025Pooled it
- Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease-Related Outcomes Among Cancer Survivors in the United States: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Heart, lung & circulation · 2024Pooled it
- Lasting effects of redlining: The association of historical redlining and cognitive function in older Black adults.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- Redlining, Urban Heat, and Climate Hazards: Impacts on Children's Cardiometabolic Health.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Historical Redlining and Change in Blood Pressure: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Article
- Place-based disorder, social cohesion, and physical and mental health outcomes of LGBTQIA+ adults in the United States.AJE advances : research in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Does time heal all wounds? Examining the lasting impact of historic redlining on contemporary racial disparities in allostatic load in Baltimore, Maryland.Ethnicity & health · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Disinvestment and Racial Disparities in Early Hypertension Onset Among Women.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Transforming Advanced Heart Failure Programs: Addressing Institutional and Systemic Drivers of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care.Circulation. Heart failure · 2026Review
- Examining the Role of Racial and Neighborhood Context in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Multilevel Analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Mediating Pathways Between Neighborhood Structural Investment and Cardiometabolic Health Across U.S. Cities.American journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Associations between historical redlining and BMI: Potential indirect pathways through neighborhood socioeconomic and environment factors and their associated lifestyle behaviors in CARDIA.Health & place · 2026Article
- Living in Historically Redlined Neighborhoods and the Cognitive Function of Black and White Adults.Journal of aging and health · 2026Article
- CVD Environmental Health Disparities Tool: systematic evidence mapping of psychosocial stressors, environmental exposures, and cardiovascular diseases to inform disparities research and action.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Review
- State-Level Structural Racism and Incident Coronary Heart Disease.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- A Standard Measure of Structural Racism, Do We Have One? Can We Have One? A Narrative Review of Commonly Used Measures and Domains of Use.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Trends and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Maternal Cardiovascular Health in California.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Living in historically redlined neighborhoods and biological aging among older adults.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- School Segregation During Adolescence is Associated with Higher 30-Year Cardiovascular Risk of Black but not White Young Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We investigated historical redlining, a government-sanctioned discriminatory policy, in relation to cardiovascular health (CVH) and whether associations were modified by present-day neighborhood physical and social environments. Data included 4,779 participants (mean age 62 y; SD = 10) from the baseline sample of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA; 2000 to 2002). Ideal CVH was a summary measure of ideal levels of seven CVH risk factors based on established criteria (blood pressure, fasting glucose, cholesterol, body mass index, diet, physical activity, and smoking). We assigned MESA participants' neighborhoods to one of four grades (A: best, B: still desirable, C: declining, and D: hazardous) using the 1930s federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) maps, which guided decisions regarding mortgage financing. Two-level hierarchical linear and logistic models, with a random intercept to account for participants nested within neighborhoods (i.e., census tracts) were used to assess associations within racial/ethnic subgroups (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Chinese). We found that Black adults who lived in historically redlined areas had a 0.82 (95% CI -1.54, -0.10) lower CVH score compared to those residing in grade A (best) neighborhoods, in a given neighborhood and adjusting for confounders. We also found that as the current neighborhood social environment improved the association between HOLC score and ideal CVH weakened (
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