SynthesisStroke2022
Sex Differences in Presentation of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Stroke, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Social determinants of health and stroke care and outcomes: SEQUINS lecture 2025.Equity neuroscience · 2026Article
- Diagnostic performance of prehospital large-vessel occlusion detection scales in patients with suspected acute stroke: a retrospective validation study. The Akershus Study of Ischemic Stroke and Thrombolysis.European stroke journal · 2026Observational
- Photothrombotic and middle cerebral artery occlusion models produce distinct neurovascular injury and sex-dependent outcomes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Functional Recovery After Stroke and Its Association with Patient's Quality of Life and Caregiver Burden.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Associations Between the Modified Cardiometabolic Index and Stroke in Patients With Different Glucose Metabolism Statuses: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Survey.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-Based Differences in Noncommunicable Diseases in Older Adults: Raising the Profile of Older Females.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026Article
- Factors associated with missed stroke diagnosis in prehospital triage: a single-center cohort study.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Sex Disparities in Prehospital and In-Hospital Delays to Intravenous Thrombolysis in Egyptian Stroke Patients.Neuroepidemiology · 2026Article
- Sex-related differences in the applicability and performance of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the acute phase of stroke.European stroke journal · 2026Article
- Sex differences in cerebral infarction in Norway: Analysis of data from the Norwegian Stroke Registry 2018-2022.European stroke journal · 2026Article
- Biological sex-dependent differences in acute and post-acute stroke care-a population-based case-control study.European stroke journal · 2026Article
- Quality of care index and gender disparity ratio for stroke and its subtypes from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex differences and age-related changes of large-scale brain networks.BMC medical imaging · 2025Article
- Trends and Disparities in Hemorrhagic Stroke and Hypertension-Related Mortality in the United States From 1999 to 2023: A CDC WONDER Database Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Fatty Acid Ratios Versus Conventional Risk Factors in Stroke: Insights into Severe Disability and Mortality Outcomes.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Contralesional hippocampal spreading depolarization promotes functional recovery after stroke.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Sex differences in age-associated neurological diseases-A roadmap for reliable and high-yield research.Science advances · 2025Review
- Sex-Based Analysis of Treatment, Time Metrics, and Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated in the Netherlands.Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
background and purposeWomen have worse outcomes than men after stroke. Differences in presentation may lead to misdiagnosis and, in part, explain these disparities. We investigated whether there are sex differences in clinical presentation of acute stroke or transient ischemic attack.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Inclusion criteria were (1) cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, or randomized controlled trial design; (2) admission for (suspicion of) ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or transient ischemic attack; and (3) comparisons possible between sexes in ≥1 nonfocal or focal acute stroke symptom(s). A random-effects model was used for our analyses. We performed sensitivity and subanalyses to help explain heterogeneity and used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess bias.
resultsWe included 60 studies (n=582 844; 50% women). In women, headache (pooled odds ratio [OR], 1.24 [95% CI, 1.11-1.39]; I
conclusionsThere may be substantive differences in nonfocal and focal stroke symptoms between men and women presenting with acute stroke or transient ischemic attack, but sufficiently high-quality studies are lacking. More studies are needed to address this because sex differences in presentation may lead to misdiagnosis and undertreatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.