ReviewAdvanced drug delivery reviews2022
To PEGylate or not to PEGylate: Immunological properties of nanomedicine's most popular component, polyethylene glycol and its alternatives.
Review in Advanced drug delivery reviews, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 202 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
202 citing papers in PubMed, 467 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeted Nanoparticle Delivery CRISPR/Cas9: overcoming biological barriers, enhancing stability, and improving therapeutic precision.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- mPEG-Polymers · 2026Article
- Single-atom nanozymes in nanomedicine: catalytic precision, mechanistic insights, and translational opportunities.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Article
- Standardizing pre-existing anti-PEG antibody detection: A key to clarifying their binding features and clinical relevance.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Article
- Precision metabolic therapy for propionic acidemia.Biochemical pharmacology · 2026Review
- RNA Size and Structure Modulate the Apparent pKa of Ionizable Lipid Nanoparticles.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2026Article
- Engineering Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide)-Loaded Polymeric Nanocarriers: From Controlled Fabrication to Drug Delivery for BNCT.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Quantitative recovery of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) and PEGylated nanosystems from complex biological matrices.Nanoscale advances · 2026Article
- Bioengineering advances in pancreatic cancer organoids for reproducible tumor microenvironment modeling.iScience · 2026Review
- PEG-RLI: A Long-Acting IL-15 Agonist That Produces Massive Levels of CD8Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Liposomal drug delivery for lung cancer therapy: progress, challenges, and future perspectives.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Complement-inflammation inhibition via stealth nanomedicine for mild thermo-responsive postoperative on-demand pain management.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- PEGylated Chitosan Nanoparticles: Engineering Multifunctional Platforms for Targeted Cervical and Lung Cancer Treatment.Cancer science · 2026Review
- Recent advances in immunoregulatory biomaterials for tendon healing: From immune remodeling to functional regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Clinical translation of injectable hydrogels: from bioactive polymers to long-acting drug delivery systems.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Structural and immunogenic evaluation of silk proteins from Bombyx mori using advanced bioinformatics and deep learning for biomaterials applications.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Microplastics as both a driver of genitourinary cancers and a deliverer of treatments.Communications medicine · 2026Review
- Nanomaterial-nucleic acid probe synergy: accelerating rapid pathogen detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in bloodstream infections.Folia microbiologica · 2026Review
- Phosphate-Surface-Modified Silica Nanoparticles for 5-Fluorouracil as a Prolonged Drug Delivery System.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
142 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol or PEG has a long history of use in medicine. Many conventional formulations utilize PEG as either an active ingredient or an excipient. PEG found its use in biotechnology therapeutics as a tool to slow down drug clearance and shield protein therapeutics from undesirable immunogenicity. Nanotechnology field applies PEG to create stealth drug carriers with prolonged circulation time and decreased recognition and clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Most nanomedicines approved for clinical use and experimental nanotherapeutics contain PEG. Among the most recent successful examples are two mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines that are delivered by PEGylated lipid nanoparticles. The breadth of PEG use in a wide variety of over the counter (OTC) medications as well as in drug products and vaccines stimulated research which uncovered that PEG is not as immunologically inert as it was initially expected. Herein, we review the current understanding of PEG's immunological properties and discuss them in the context of synthesis, biodistribution, safety, efficacy, and characterization of PEGylated nanomedicines. We also review the current knowledge about immunological compatibility of other polymers that are being actively investigated as PEG alternatives.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.