A scanning electron microscopy study of projectile entry fractures in cortical bone; genesis and microarchitectural features.

John M Rickman, Jonathan Painter, Rachael Hazael

Open access · hybridAbstract read

In one paragraph

Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

0.2field-weighted citation impact, top 47% of its field

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.

Interpol review of forensic firearm examination, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026
Review

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

John M RickmanDefence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK. j.m.rickman@cranfield.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1188-8805

Jonathan PainterDefence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK.

Rachael HazaelDefence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK.

Cranfield University · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The present paper presents a scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the genesis and microarchitecture of experimentally induced cortical entry fractures in porcine scapulae impacted at velocities ranging from 54 to 897 m/s. SEM observation was conducted on polyurethane replicas cast from negative silicone moulds. Analysis of the sequence of fracture processes operative during projectile impact revealed the presence of ring cracks at the site of impact, confirming that penetration in sandwich bones is achieved by cone crack propagation. Despite impulsive loading, two forms of plastic deformation were identified in the cortical bone surrounding the entry fracture up to a maximum velocity of 871 m/s. Microscopic radial and concentric cracks were associated with projectile impact, and the role of pores and pits as stress concentrators was captured. Possible underlying mechanisms for the observed plastic deformation are described, and the diagnostic utility of SEM analysis is presented.

Indexed as

Fractures, BoneAnimalsCortical BoneHumansMicroscopy, Electron, ScanningScapulaSwineCone crackingForensic anthropologyHydroxyapatite crystalsPlastic deformationProjectile traumaRing crackingShock waves

Identifiers

PMID34902053

DOI10.1007/s00414-021-02743-4

PMCPMC8847251

OpenAlexW4200044563

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.