ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin open2021
Immune Signatures of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A FondaMental Academic Centers of Expertise for Schizophrenia (FACE-SZ) Study.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Relationships Between Immune-Inflammatory Features and Social Cognitive Impairments in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Predictors of successful anti-inflammatory drug trials in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-regression and critical commentary.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Pooled it
- Canonical and Non-Canonical Antipsychotics' Dopamine-Related Mechanisms of Present and Next Generation Molecules: A Systematic Review on Translational Highlights for Treatment Response and Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Cytokine and C-reactive protein concentrations over 6 months of treatment with clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Genetic overlap between treatment-resistant schizophrenia and smoking initiation.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- UntargetedTranslational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Associations of serum TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-18 levels with the clinical symptoms in acute schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Inflammation, childhood trauma, and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia: a path-analysis study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Molecular Underpinning of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Putative Different Neurobiology from Treatment-Responsive Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) on IL-1β, IP-10, IL-17, TNFα, IL-10 and Soluble IL-2 Receptor in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) Patients-A Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Spatial and functional profiles distinguish target sets of Parkinson's disease and antipsychotic drugs with different clinical effects.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Neuroinflammation and schizophrenia - is there a link?Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Toward Multidisciplinary Tools for Complex Clinical Psychopharmacology Cases: A Qualitative Study with French Healthcare Professionals.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Article
- Biomarkers of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: A systematic review.Neuroscience applied · 2024Article
- Possible involvement of Interleukin-17A in the deterioration of prepulse inhibition on acoustic startle response in mice.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2023Article
- MiRNA Differences Related to Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The Strategy of Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
- Immunological routine laboratory parameters at admission influence the improvement of positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients after pharmacological treatment.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Increased blood neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) associated with early life stress: translational findings in recent-onset schizophrenia and rodent model.Translational psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
31 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) affects around 30% of patients with schizophrenia (SZ) resulting in poor functioning, relapses, and reduced quality of life. Convergent findings show that inflammation could contribute to resistance. We thus search for immune signatures of patients with TRS/ultra TRS (UTRS) in a sample of community-dwelling outpatients with SZ. In total, 195 stabilized SZ patients (mean age = 31.2 years, 73% male gender) were consecutively included in the network of the FondaMental Expert Centers for Schizophrenia in France and received a thorough clinical assessment. At inclusion, psychotic symptomatology was evaluated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Circulating serum/plasma levels of a large panel of markers reflecting the main inflammatory pathways were evaluated. TRS was defined by current treatment by clozapine (CLZ) and UTRS by current CLZ treatment + PANSS total score ≥ 70. The frequency of TRS and UTRS patients was, respectively, 20% and 7.7% and was defined using multivariable analysis elevated by high levels of interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23p40, IL-17A, IL-10, and beta 2 microglobulin (B2M) and IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-17A, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and B2M, respectively. These observations suggest that resistance and ultra resistance to CLZ treatment are underpinned by pro-inflammatory molecules mainly belonging to the T helper 17 pathway, a finding making sense given the interplay between inflammation and antipsychotic treatment responses. If confirmed, our findings may allow us to consider IL-23/IL-17 pathway as a therapeutic target for patients with resistance to antipsychotics.
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