ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Molecular and Cellular Heterogeneity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular mechanisms and risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis: a comprehensive review.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Sex bias consideration in healthcare machine-learning research: a systematic review in rheumatoid arthritis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Quality of evidence supporting the role of probiotics for rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of systematic reviews.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenols in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Ex vivo JAK and TNF inhibitor-modulated immune signatures guide first-line therapy selection in rheumatoid arthritis.Biomarker research · 2026Article
- A gut microbiota-metabolite-host gene score for subtyping and predicting the treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis: integrative analysis with in silico knockout validation.Bioresources and bioprocessing · 2026Article
- Juanbi Qianggu Formula Alleviates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Suppressing the TNF-α/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Article
- Clerodendrum japonicum Extract Suppresses the Pathogenicity of Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes by Inhibiting METTL3-Mediated ICAM2 mRNA Methylation.Cell biochemistry and function · 2026Article
- Article
- Toward causal artificial intelligence for biologic treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis: current evidence and future directions.Rheumatology international · 2026Review
- Immunosenescence and Bone Homeostasis: From Mechanisms of Homeostasis Disruption to Therapeutic Opportunities in Age-Related Skeletal Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Cannabigerol (CBG) Modulates Neutrophil Activity and Ameliorates Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Smart Hydrogel for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pathogenic Drivers of Difficult-to-Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis: Synovium and Beyond.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Targeting pathogenic immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis: emerging immunotherapeutic frontiers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Transcriptomics and AI-driven approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Combination of Chenpi and Banxia alleviates synovial inflammation in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis by targeting the JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Nrf2 as a redox checkpoint in autoimmune joint inflammation: microenvironmental redox control across the arthritis spectrum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Diagnostic performance of serum 14-3-3η protein versus conventional serological markers in early rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Identifying AIM2 Circulating Methylation Levels as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker for Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Targeted DNA Methylation Sequencing.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2026Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that exhibits significant clinical heterogeneity. There are various treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, including disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and inflammatory cytokine inhibitors (ICI), typically associated with differentiated clinical effects and characteristics. Personalized responsiveness is observed to the standard treatment due to the pathophysiological heterogeneity in rheumatoid arthritis, resulting in an overall poor prognosis. Understanding the role of individual variation in cellular and molecular mechanisms related to rheumatoid arthritis will considerably improve clinical care and patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss the source of pathophysiological heterogeneity derived from genetic, molecular, and cellular heterogeneity and their possible impact on precision medicine and personalized treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We provide emphasized description of the heterogeneity derived from mast cells, monocyte cell, macrophage fibroblast-like synoviocytes and, interactions within immune cells and with inflammatory cytokines, as well as the potential as a new therapeutic target to develop a novel treatment approach. Finally, we summarize the latest clinical trials of treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis and provide a suggestive framework for implementing preclinical and clinical experimental results into clinical practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.