ReviewNPJ vaccines2021
Combined effects of glycan chain length and linkage type on the immunogenicity of glycoconjugate vaccines.
Review in NPJ vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unlocking the Potency of Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin: Structural Insights, Immunological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Frontiers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Human herpesvirus evasion of humoral immunity and implications for vaccine development.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Creating unimolecular multivalent diversity in protein conjugates via the Passerini multicomponent bioconjugation with isocyanoproteins.Communications chemistry · 2026Article
- Glycoengineering the Pseudomonas exotoxin A for multi-sequon integration and enhanced bioconjugation efficiency by PglS.Glycobiology · 2025Article
- Commensal bacterial glycosylation at the interface of host-bacteria interactions.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Synthesis, Conformal Analysis, and Antibody Binding of Staphylococcus aureus Capsular Polysaccharide Type 5 Oligosaccharides.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2025Article
- Biochemical Applications of Microbial Rare Glycan Biosynthesis, Recognition, and Sequencing.Biochemistry · 2025Review
- Synthesis and Immunogenicity of Pseudo-Oligosaccharides Structurally Related to Repeating Units of Capsular Phosphoglycans of Human Pathogens.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Poly-β-D-(1,6)-N-acetyl-glucosamine (PNAG) glycan vaccines with broad spectrum neutralizing activities.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Recent Advances in Bioconjugate Vaccine Development.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Highly variable aggregation and glycosylation profiles and their roles in immunogenicity to protein-based therapeutics.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
- Glycosylated Receptor-Binding-Domain-Targeting Mucosal Vaccines Protect Against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and MERS-CoV.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Nanopore-based glycan sequencing: state of the art and future prospects.Chemical science · 2024Review
- Engineering Escherichia coli for increased Und-P availability leads to material improvements in glycan expression technology.Microbial cell factories · 2024Article
- Recent advances in the biosynthesis of polysaccharide-based antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Analysis of immunogenicity and purification methods in conjugated polysaccharide vaccines: a new approach in fighting pathogenic bacteria.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Review
- Testing a Recombinant Form of Tetanus Toxoid as a Carrier Protein for Glycoconjugate Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The development and use of antibacterial glycoconjugate vaccines have significantly reduced the occurrence of potentially fatal childhood and adult diseases such as bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, and pneumonia. In these vaccines, the covalent linkage of bacterial glycans to carrier proteins augments the immunogenicity of saccharide antigens by triggering T cell-dependent B cell responses, leading to high-affinity antibodies and durable protection. Licensed glycoconjugate vaccines either contain long-chain bacterial polysaccharides, medium-sized oligosaccharides, or short synthetic glycans. Here, we discuss factors that affect the glycan chain length in vaccines and review the available literature discussing the impact of glycan chain length on vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, we evaluate the available clinical data on licensed glycoconjugate vaccine preparations with varying chain lengths against two bacterial pathogens, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Neisseria meningitidis group C, regarding a possible correlation of glycan chain length with their efficacy. We find that long-chain glycans cross-linked to carrier proteins and medium-sized oligosaccharides end-linked to carriers both achieve high immunogenicity and efficacy. However, end-linked glycoconjugates that contain long untethered stretches of native glycan chains may induce hyporesponsiveness by T cell-independent activation of B cells, while cross-linked medium-sized oligosaccharides may suffer from suboptimal saccharide epitope accessibility.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.