ArticleWomen's health (London, England)
COVID-19 in pregnancy by race and ethnicity: Implications for development of a vaccination strategy.
Article in Women's health (London, England). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Auxiliary Screening COVID-19 by Serology.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Maternal COVID-19 Infection during Pregnancy among Children Born between 3/2020 and 2/2023 and Potential Disparities.Journal of community medicine & public health · 2025Article
- Pregnancy and Diabetes Racial/Ethnicity Health Disparities in a Large Integrated Health System.Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
- Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies and Cytokine Profiles in Pregnancy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes during delivery admissions: a nationwide analysis with clinical implications.Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveCOVID-19 and associated morbidity and mortality has disproportionately affected minoritized populations. The epidemiology of spread of COVID-19 among pregnant women by race/ethnicity is not well described. Using data from a large healthcare system in California, we estimated prevalence and spread during pregnancy and recommend a vaccination approach based on minimizing adverse outcomes.
methodsPatients delivering at Sutter Health are tested (molecular) for COVID-19. These results were combined with antibody test results, using samples drawn at delivery. For each racial/ethnic group, we estimated prevalence of COVID-19, using logistic regression to adjust for known sociodemographic and comorbid risk factors. Testing for immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M provided insight into timing of infections.
resultsAmong 17,446 women delivering May-December, 460 (2.6%) tested positive (molecular). Hispanic women were at 2.6 times the odds of being actively infected as White women (odds ratio = 2.6, 95% confidence interval = 2.0-3.3). August and December were the highest risk periods for active infection (odds ratio = 3.5, 95% confidence interval = 2.1-5.7 and odds ratio = 6.1, 95% confidence interval = 3.8-9.9, compared with May, respectively). Among 4500 women delivering October-December, 425 (9.4%) had positive molecular or antibody tests, ranging from 4.0% (Asian) to 15.7% (Hispanic). Adjusting for covariables, compared with White patients, odds of infection was similar for Black and Asian patients, with Hispanic at 2.4 (1.8-3.3) times the odds.
conclusionCOVID-19 prevalence was higher among Hispanic women at delivery and in the last trimester than their White counterparts. Higher rates in Black patients are explained by other risk factors. Resources should be directed to increase vaccination rates among Hispanic women in early stages of pregnancy.
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