Trial reportAnesthesiology2022
Botulinum Toxin Type A for Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion Block in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Trial.
Trial report in Anesthesiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05696587 (Physical and Psychological Changes in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome), which is not on this map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Physical and Psychological Changes in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Patients Undergoing Multimodal Rehabilitation
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thoracic sympathetic block with botulinum toxin A for complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective case series.Interventional pain medicine · 2026Article
- Phenol Neurolysis in Pain and Palliative Medicine.Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain · 2026Review
- Review
- Botulinum Toxin Type A Reduces Pain and NF-κB Levels in a Rat Model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Perineural Administration of Botulinum Toxin for Chronic Pain Management: A Narrative Review.Pain research & management · 2026Review
- The Analgesic Efficacy of Therapies Used for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the efficacy of the lumbar sympathetic ganglion block and the use of perfusion index as a predictor of its technical success: a prospective observational study.The Korean journal of pain · 2025Article
- Clinical and Molecular Barriers to Understanding the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS).International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Mechanisms and Non-Invasive Treatment for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Journal of pain research · 2025Review
- 10. Complex regional pain syndrome.Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- 12. Vascular pain: Ischemic pain in the extremities and Raynaud's syndromePain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain · 2024Review
- Efficacy of botulinum toxin injection using the right-sided unilateral retrocrural approach for celiac plexus in a cancer survivor with persistent abdominal pain: a case report.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
- From Toxin to Treatment: A Narrative Review on the Use of Botulinum Toxin for Autonomic Dysfunction.Toxins · 2024Review
- Interventional Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- [Clinical use of botulinum toxin type A in pain medicine].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2023Article
- Sympathetic Blocks as a Predictor for Response to Ketamine Infusion in Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Multicenter Study.Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.) · 2023Article
- Meta-Analysis of Effectiveness and Safety of Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Agents Used for Nerve Blocks and Neurolysis.Seminars in interventional radiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe present study was designed to test the hypothesis that botulinum toxin would prolong the duration of a lumbar sympathetic block measured through a sustained increase in skin temperature. The authors performed a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial to investigate the clinical outcome of botulinum toxin type A for lumbar sympathetic ganglion block in patients with complex regional pain syndrome.
methodsLumbar sympathetic ganglion block was conducted in patients with lower-extremity complex regional pain syndrome using 75 IU of botulinum toxin type A (botulinum toxin group) and local anesthetic (control group). The primary outcome was the change in the relative temperature difference on the blocked sole compared with the contralateral sole at 1 postoperative month. The secondary outcomes were the 3-month changes in relative temperature differences, as well as the pain intensity changes.
resultsA total of 48 participants (N = 24/group) were randomly assigned. The change in relative temperature increase was higher in the botulinum toxin group than in the control group (1.0°C ± 1.3 vs. 0.1°C ± 0.8, respectively; difference: 0.9°C [95% CI, 0.3 to 1.5]; P = 0.006), which was maintained at 3 months (1.1°C ± 0.8 vs. -0.2°C ± 1.2, respectively; P = 0.009). Moreover, pain intensity was greatly reduced in the botulinum toxin group compared with the control group at 1 month (-2.2 ± 1.0 vs. -1.0 ± 1.6, respectively; P = 0.003) and 3 months (-2.0 ± 1.0 vs. -0.6 ± 1.6, respectively; P = 0.003). There were no severe adverse events pertinent to botulinum toxin injection.
conclusionsIn patients with complex regional pain syndrome, lumbar sympathetic ganglion block using botulinum toxin type A increased the temperature of the affected foot for 3 months and also reduced the pain. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE:
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