SynthesisPloS one2021
Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis, a systematic review and meta-analysis with sensitivity analysis for studies comparable for confounders.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diabetes as a risk factor for tuberculosis disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- The Association Between Diabetes Mellitus and the Risk of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Machine learning approaches for tuberculosis prevalence and risk factor association among high-risk groups in Kigali health facilities.Research square · 2026Article
- Impact of Diabetes Mellitus in Tuberculosis (TB) Patients on TB Transmission.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Series 3: From Infection to Disease: A Global Scoping Review of Medical and Behavioural Determinants of Progression from TB Infection to TB Disease.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Review
- Factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in LTBI individuals screened from close contacts: a retrospective case-control study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Cell-mediated immune responses of beta-glucan on the pathogenesis of chronic tuberculosis infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Benchmarking progress in non-communicable diseases: a global analysis of cause-specific mortality from 2001 to 2019.Lancet (London, England) · 2025Article
- Risk of tuberculosis in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the tuberculosis predictive index score: a case-control study in Indonesia.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of a Predictive Model Using Inflammatory Biomarkers for Active Tuberculosis Risk in Diabetic Patients.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- HIV clinical outcomes among people with HIV and diabetes mellitus in Kampala, Uganda; A matched retrospective cohort study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Glycemic Profile and Clinical Treatment in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus-Tuberculosis: An Update Scoping Review.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Review
- The Complex Relationship Between Tuberculosis and Hyperglycemia.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Role of ethnicity and residency in active tuberculosis in Karakalpakstan: study protocol of a matched case-control study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Article
- Bone and joint infections due to melioidosis; diagnostic and management strategies to optimise outcomes.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Intersecting epidemics: deciphering the complexities of tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity.Frontiers in tuberculosis · 2024Review
- Reversing frailty in older adults: a scoping review.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Diabetic microvascular disease in non-classical beds: the hidden impact beyond the retina, the kidney, and the peripheral nerves.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2023Review
- Global variation in diabetes diagnosis and prevalence based on fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c.Nature medicine · 2023Article
- Environmental exposures are important for type 2 diabetes pathophysiology in sub-Saharan African populations. Reply to Christensen D, Hjort L, Mpagama S et al [letter].Diabetologia · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
28 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMeta-analyses conducted so far on the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and the tuberculosis (TB) development risk did not sufficiently take confounders into account in their estimates. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether DM is associated with an increased risk of developing TB with a sensitivity analyses incorporating a wider range of confounders including age, gender, alcohol consumption, smoke exposure, and other comorbidities.
methodsPubmed, Embase, Web of Science and Global Index Medicus were queried from inception until October 2020. Without any restriction to time of study, geographical location, and DM and TB diagnosis approaches, all observational studies that presented data for associations between DM and TB were included. Studies with no abstract or complete text, duplicates, and studies with wrong designs (review, case report, case series, comment on an article, and editorial) or populations were excluded. The odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated by a random-effect model.
resultsThe electronic and manual searches yielded 12,796 articles of which 47 were used in our study (23 case control, 14 cross-sectional and 10 cohort studies) involving 503,760 cases (DM or TB patients) and 3,596,845 controls. The size of the combined effect of TB risk in the presence of DM was OR = 2.3, 95% CI = [2.0-2.7], I2 = 94.2%. This statistically significant association was maintained in cohort (OR = 2.0, CI 95% = [1.5-2.4], I2 = 94.3%), case control (OR = 2.4, CI 95% = [2.0-2.9], I2 = 93.0%) and cross-sectional studies (OR = 2.5, CI 95% = [1.8-3.5], I2 = 95.2%). The association between DM and TB was also maintained in the sensitivity analysis including only studies with similar proportions of confounders between cases and controls. The substantial heterogeneity observed was mainly explained by the differences between geographic regions.
conclusionsDM is associated with an increased risk of developing latent and active TB. To further explore the role of DM in the development of TB, more investigations of the biological mechanisms by which DM increases the risk of TB are needed. REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO, CRD42021216815.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.