ArticleSleep2022
Association of a novel EEG metric of sleep depth/intensity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity, learning, and internalizing disorders and their pharmacotherapy in adolescence.
Article in Sleep, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sleep dysregulation in ADHD children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Detection of cortical arousals in sleep using multimodal wearable sensors and machine learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Association of Novel Sleep EEG Biomarkers with All-Cause Mortality in a Large Community-Based Cohort.Nature and science of sleep · 2025Article
- Evidence of how the maturing sleeping brain contributes to the sleepy brain of adolescents.Sleep · 2024Article
- A Novel Continuous Sleep State Artificial Neural Network Model Based on Multi-Feature Fusion of Polysomnographic Data.Nature and science of sleep · 2024Article
- Edward O. Bixler, PhD: from the Apollo project and chimpanzees to sleep epidemiology.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2024Article
- New insights and potential clinical implications of the odds ratio product.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Evidence of a maturational disruption in non-rapid eye movement sleep slow wave activity in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity, learning and internalizing disorders.Sleep medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesPsychiatric/learning disorders are associated with sleep disturbances, including those arising from abnormal cortical activity. The odds ratio product (ORP) is a standardized electroencephalogram metric of sleep depth/intensity validated in adults, while ORP data in youth are lacking. We tested ORP as a measure of sleep depth/intensity in adolescents with and without psychiatric/learning disorders.
methodsFour hundred eighteen adolescents (median 16 years) underwent a 9-hour, in-lab polysomnography. Of them, 263 were typically developing (TD), 89 were unmedicated, and 66 were medicated for disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), learning (LD), and internalizing (ID). Central ORP during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep was the primary outcome. Secondary/exploratory outcomes included central and frontal ORP during NREM stages, in the 9-seconds following arousals (ORP-9), in the first and second halves of the night, during REM sleep and wakefulness.
resultsUnmedicated youth with ADHD/LD had greater central ORP than TD during stage 3 and in central and frontal regions during stage 2 and the second half of the sleep period, while ORP in youth with ADHD/LD on stimulants did not significantly differ from TD. Unmedicated youth with ID did not significantly differ from TD in ORP, while youth with ID on antidepressants had greater central and frontal ORP than TD during NREM and REM sleep, and higher ORP-9.
conclusionsThe greater ORP in unmedicated youth with ADHD/LD, and normalized levels in those on stimulants, suggests ORP is a useful metric of decreased NREM sleep depth/intensity in ADHD/LD. Antidepressants are associated with greater ORP/ORP-9, suggesting these medications induce cortical arousability.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.