SynthesisThe Journal of infectious diseases2022
Comparative Immunogenicity and Effectiveness of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccines.
Synthesis in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 102 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Meta-Review of Global Impacts, Responses, and Future Preparedness.The clinical respiratory journal · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccinations: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis.International journal of public health · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in real-world: a literature review and meta-analysis.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Pooled it
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a CpG/Alum adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine (ZR202-CoV) in healthy adults: Preliminary report of a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Humoral and cellular immune responses to CoronaVac up to one year after vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Economic Analyses of COVID-19 Interventions: A Narrative Review of Global Evidence.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety among COVID-19 vaccines ChadOx-1, CoronaVac and BNT162b2 in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients: a prospective cohort.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2025Article
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroprevalence and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Trends: Findings from Surveillance Conducted at First Antenatal Care Visits in Kenya, Nigeria, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia, 2021-2022.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluation of combined BCG and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for immune enhancement and lung protection in Syrian hamsters.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The role of the gut microbiota in regulating responses to vaccination: current knowledge and future directions.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- Article
- The immunological impact of revaccination in a hybrid-immune world.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 antibody and neutralization dynamics among persons with natural- and vaccine-induced exposures.PloS one · 2025Article
- Substantial reduction in the clinical and economic burden of disease following variant-adapted mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients in France.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Obesity does not influence SARS-CoV-2 humoral vaccine immunogenicity.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine response in adults with predominantly antibody deficiency.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2024Article
- Waning immunity and IgG4 responses following bivalent mRNA boosting.Science advances · 2024Article
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
25 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUnderstanding immunogenicity and effectiveness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is critical to guide rational use.
methodsWe compared the immunogenicity of mRNA-1273, BNT-162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S in healthy ambulatory adults. We performed an inverse-variance meta-analysis of population-level effectiveness from public health reports in > 40 million individuals.
resultsA single dose of either mRNA vaccine yielded comparable antibody and neutralization titers to convalescent individuals. Ad26.COV2.S yielded lower antibody concentrations and frequently undetectable neutralization titers. Bulk and cytotoxic T-cell responses were higher in mRNA1273 and BNT162b2 than Ad26.COV2.S recipients. Regardless of vaccine, <50% of vaccinees demonstrated CD8+ T-cell responses. Antibody concentrations and neutralization titers increased comparably after the first dose of either vaccine, and further in recipients of a second dose. Prior infection was associated with high antibody concentrations and neutralization even after a single dose and regardless of vaccine. Neutralization of Beta, Gamma, and Delta strains were poorer regardless of vaccine. In meta-analysis, relative to mRNA1273 the effectiveness of BNT162b2 was lower against infection and hospitalization, and Ad26COV2.S was lower against infection, hospitalization, and death.
conclusionsVariation in the immunogenicity correlates with variable effectiveness of the 3 vaccines deployed in the United States.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.