ArticleLancet regional health. Americas2021
Historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach.
Article in Lancet regional health. Americas, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of historic neighborhood redlining and contemporary health outcomes.Public health · 2025Pooled it
- Structural racism as a leading cause of racial disparities in breast cancer quality of care outcomes: a systematic review.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Racism and racial disparities in firearm violence: A scoping review.American journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- Understanding the Influence of Income Inequality and Violent Crime on Police Fatal Shootings in U.S. Counties: 2015-2022.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- A preconception cohort study of historical mortgage lending discrimination and present-day fecundability.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Historical redlining, breast cancer survival, and the mediating and modifying role of contemporary neighborhood socioeconomic conditions.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Intergenerational association of early childhood education and interpersonal violence: a retrospective cohort study.Injury epidemiology · 2026Article
- Historical Redlining and Racial Disparities in Child Blood Lead Levels in Southeastern Wisconsin.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- The Impact of Historical and Modern-Day Redlining on Firearm Violence: A Decade-Long Multilevel Study of 38 States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- "Gasoline on a Fire That Was Already Burning": Black Americans' Reasons for Acquiring Firearms in the Early Pandemic Era.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2025Article
- Exploring the link between the risk of violent injury in adolescents and historic redlining practices.American journal of community psychology · 2025Article
- Characterizing the Prevalence and Perpetrators of Documented Fatal Violence Against Black Transgender Women in the United States (2013-2021).Violence against women · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of fatal and nonfatal community firearm violence in New York City, 2019-2023.Injury epidemiology · 2025Article
- The consequences of community exposure to firearm homicide for adolescent substance use.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- A Qualitative Scoping Review of Community Firearm Violence in Low-Income Settings.Journal of community health · 2025Article
- Early childhood education and handgun carrying, serious fighting, and assault charges: a retrospective cohort study.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- Examining the Association between Heat Exposure and Crime in Cities across the United States: A Scoping Review.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric firearm deaths persist in 2022 and 2023.Injury epidemiology · 2025Article
- Neighborhood-level adversity and inflammation among sexual minority men living with HIV.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025Article
- Legacy of Racism and Firearm Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.American journal of public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFirearm homicides disproportionately affect Black communities. Redlining - discriminatory lending practices of the early 20
methodsWe used generalized structural equation modeling to characterize the mediators through which redlining practices of the 1930s led to present rates of firearm violence in Boston using a negative binomial model. Principle component analysis was used to create four distinct mediating variables representing census block socioeconomic and built environment information, while reducing dimensionality. We calculated the direct effect between harmful (Red and Yellow) vs beneficial (Green) designations and firearm incident rate, indirect effect between redlining designation and firearm incident rate through each mediating variable, and the total effect. The percentage mediation of each mediator was subsequently calculated.
findingsRed and Yellow areas of Boston were associated with an 11•1 (95% CI 5•5,22•4) and 11•4 (5•7,22•8) increased incident rate of shooting when compared to Green. In the pathway between Red designation and firearm incident rate, poverty and poor educational attainment mediated 20% of the interaction, share of rented housing mediated 8%, and Black share of the population 3%. In the pathway between Yellow designation and firearm incident rate, poverty and poor educational attainment mediated 16% of the association, and Black share of the population mediated 13%.
interpretationRedlining practices of the 1930s potentially contribute to increased rates of firearm violence through changes to neighborhood environments, namely through preclusion from homeownership, poverty, poor educational attainment, and concentration (i.e. segregation) of Black communities. These downstream mediating factors serve as points for policy interventions to address urban firearm violence.
fundingMichael Poulson and Miriam Neufeld were supported by T32 Training Grants (HP10028, GM86308).
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