ArticleNature aging2021
An inflammatory aging clock (iAge) based on deep learning tracks multimorbidity, immunosenescence, frailty and cardiovascular aging.
Article in Nature aging, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 347 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
347 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 543 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cellular Senescence and Immunosenescence in Melanoma: Insights From the Tumor Microenvironment.Cancer medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- A Deep-Learning Based Biomarker of Systemic Cellular Senescence Burden to Predict Mortality and Health Outcomes.Aging cell · 2026Article
- Advancing aging biomarkers and intervention discovery at the TimePie Longevity Forum.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Article
- The long-lived immune system of centenarians.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- The immunology behind inflammaging-causes, sources, and mechanisms.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026Review
- Berberine and its derivatives as candidate modulators of immunosenescence: a critical evaluation.Biogerontology · 2026Review
- Sex-specific aging clocks from a large-scale human phenome reveal distinct aging transitions and circulating signatures.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Longer Asthma Duration Is Associated With Elevated Non-T2 Sputum Biomarkers and Reduced T2 Inflammation in Severe Asthma.Allergy · 2026Observational
- Inflammaging and cytokine-driven cardiovascular senescence in age-related myocardial infarction: mechanisms, biomarkers, and precision immunotherapy strategies.Biogerontology · 2026Review
- Integrating biological aging into clinical practice: a review and path forward for precision longevity medicine.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Sex-specific trajectories of nonlinear immune aging at single-cell level.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Food-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Aging: Integrating Nutritional Neuroscience and Geroscience.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Identification of Age-Associated Circulating Proteins and Lipids in 3800 Comorbidity-Enriched Older Adults from Japan-Based Cohorts Using Olink Assays and MRM Mass Spectrometry.Journal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Systemic and local chronic inflammation and hormone disposition promote a tumor-permissive environment for breast cancer in older women.Nature aging · 2026Article
- A clinically practical aging clock (physical clock) for healthy aging: development, validation, and application for health assessment and intervention.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Microbiome and aging: Trajectories of microbiome age across human ecosystems and their systemic effects.iMeta · 2026Review
- Senescence-associated loss of intestinal α1,2-fucose disrupts a modifiable host-microbiome homeostasis axis in people with HIV.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Biological aging clocks in health and disease.Nature medicine · 2026Review
287 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
26 authors at 12 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
While many diseases of aging have been linked to the immunological system, immune metrics capable of identifying the most at-risk individuals are lacking. From the blood immunome of 1,001 individuals aged 8-96 years, we developed a deep-learning method based on patterns of systemic age-related inflammation. The resulting inflammatory clock of aging (iAge) tracked with multimorbidity, immunosenescence, frailty and cardiovascular aging, and is also associated with exceptional longevity in centenarians. The strongest contributor to iAge was the chemokine CXCL9, which was involved in cardiac aging, adverse cardiac remodeling and poor vascular function. Furthermore, aging endothelial cells in human and mice show loss of function, cellular senescence and hallmark phenotypes of arterial stiffness, all of which are reversed by silencing CXCL9. In conclusion, we identify a key role of CXCL9 in age-related chronic inflammation and derive a metric for multimorbidity that can be utilized for the early detection of age-related clinical phenotypes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.