SynthesisFrontiers in public health2021
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 216 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
216 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 353 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Ethiopia: a scoping review for equitable vaccine access.Frontiers in health services · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Factors influencing adolescents' decision-making about COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review with qualitative synthesis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- How has co-design been used to address vaccine hesitancy globally? A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Acceptance-Hesitancy of COVID-19 Vaccination and Factors Affecting It in Adults: Systematic Review Study.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2024Pooled it
- Global COVID-19 vaccine acceptance level and its determinants: an umbrella review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Evaluating COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among parents in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review examining attitudes, hesitancy, and intentions.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Interventions to increase vaccination against COVID-19, influenza and pertussis during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of travel medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Vaccine acceptance, determinants, and attitudes toward vaccine among people experiencing homelessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
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- Factors Associated with COVID‑19 Vaccine Uptake Among Adolescents and Young Adults Recently Diagnosed with Cancer.Journal of adolescent and young adult oncology · 2024Trial
- Are interactive and tailored data visualizations effective in promoting flu vaccination among the elderly? Evidence from a randomized experiment.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2024Trial
- Quantifying vaccine dissemination for uptake comparisons between vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in socially vulnerable Latinx communities in North Texas.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Social Identities and Vaccine Exemptions in the United States: The Role of Religiosity, Partisanship, and Vaccine Hesitancy.Journal of community health · 2026Article
- Mpox Vaccine Hesitancy Among Sexually Active People with HIV in Care at Risk for mpox.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination and Perceptions Around Vaccination Uptake Strategies Among African Americans Living in the US South: Opportunities for Public Health Program Intervention.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Article
156 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy in the US throughout the pandemic has revealed inconsistent results. This systematic review has compared COVID-19 vaccine uptake across US and investigated predictors of vaccine hesitancy and acceptance across different groups. A search of PUBMED database was conducted till 17th July, 2021. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were screened and 65 studies were selected for a quantitative analysis. The overall vaccine acceptance rate ranged from 12 to 91.4%, the willingness of studies using the 10-point scale ranged from 3.58 to 5.12. Increased unwillingness toward COVID-19 vaccine and Black/African Americans were found to be correlated. Sex, race, age, education level, and income status were identified as determining factors of having a low or high COVID-19 vaccine uptake. A change in vaccine acceptance in the US population was observed in two studies, an increase of 10.8 and 7.4%, respectively, between 2020 and 2021. Our results confirm that hesitancy exists in the US population, highest in Black/African Americans, pregnant or breastfeeding women, and low in the male sex. It is imperative for regulatory bodies to acknowledge these statistics and consequently, exert efforts to mitigate the burden of unvaccinated individuals and revise vaccine delivery plans, according to different vulnerable subgroups, across the country.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.