ReviewWorld journal of gastroenterology2021
Hepatitis B: Who should be treated?-managing patients with chronic hepatitis B during the immune-tolerant and immunoactive phases.
Review in World journal of gastroenterology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and burden of HBV-HIV co-morbidity: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- [Comparison of antiviral efficacy of nucleos(t)ide analogue monotherapy and its combination with interferon-α in children 1-6 years-old with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Article
- "When the virus ages with the patient": Disease-specific quality of life in individuals with hepatitis B virus infection in Ghana.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Research Progress on Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance Induced by Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Chronic HBV Infection.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Utility of Serum HBV RNA Measurement During Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analog Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Cumulative Hepatitis B Surface Antigen/Hepatitis B Virus DNA Ratio in Immune-tolerant Hepatitis B Patients: A 10-year Follow-up Study.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2025Article
- Hepatitis B virus promotes liver cancer by modulating the immune response to environmental carcinogens.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Molecular Epidemiology, Drug-Resistant Variants, and Therapeutic Implications of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis D Virus Prevalence in Nigeria: A National Study.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- [Clinical efficacy of switching to tenofovir amibufenamide tablets with poor response to entecavir in patients with chronic hepatitis B].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2024Article
- Lower HBV DNA level is associated with more severe liver fibrosis in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B with normal alanine transaminase.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Noninvasive Models to Assess Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis in Chronic HBV Infected Patients with Normal or Mildly Elevated Alanine Transaminase Levels: Which One Is Most Suitable?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Review of the Systemic Manifestations of Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Hepatitis D Virus, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and Emerging Therapies.Gastro hep advances · 2024Review
- Lowering the threshold of alanine aminotransferase for enhanced identification of significant hepatic injury in chronic hepatitis B patients.World journal of gastroenterology · 2023Article
- [Early antiviral treatment response in HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infected-patients with high viral load and normal ALT].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2023Article
- Hepatitis B burden and population immunity in a high endemicity city - a geographically random household epidemiology study for evaluating achievability of elimination.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Identification of pseudo-immune tolerance for chronic hepatitis B patients: Development and validation of a non-invasive prediction model.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- The urgency to expand the antiviral indications of general chronic hepatitis B patients.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- Silicon Nanowires Length and Numbers Dependence on Sensitivity of the Field-Effect Transistor Sensor for Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Detection.Biosensors · 2022Article
- Low Level of Serum Immunoglobulin G Is Beneficial to Clinical Cure Obtained With Pegylated Interferon Therapy in Inactive Surface Antigen Carriers.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
New hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are decreasing owing to improved antiviral therapy and increased HBV vaccination worldwide; however, the number of HBV infections remains a major cause of liver carcinogenesis. HBV triggers cytotoxic immunity to eliminate HBV-infected cells. Therefore, the HBV pathophysiology changes in persistently infected individuals depending on host immune responses and HBV DNA proliferation state. To prevent liver cirrhosis and carcinogenesis caused by HBV, it is important to treat HBV infection at an early stage. Active treatment is recommended for the immunoactive hepatitis B surface-antigen-positive and -negative phase, but not during the immune-inactive phase or immune-tolerant phase; instead, follow-up is recommended. However, these patients should be monitored through regular blood tests to accurately diagnose the immune-inactive or -tolerant phases. The treatment regimen should be determined based on the age, sex, family history of liver cancer, and liver fibrosis status of patients. Early treatment is often recommended due to various problems during the immune-tolerant phase. This review compares the four major international practice guidelines, including those from the Japanese Society of Hepatology, and discusses strategies for chronic hepatitis B treatment during the immune-tolerant, immune-inactive, and resolved phases. Finally, recommended hepatitis B antiviral therapy and follow-up protocols are discussed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.