ArticleScientific reports2021
Sex differences in innate anti-viral immune responses to respiratory viruses and in their clinical outcomes in a birth cohort study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-based considerations in the choice for a TLR9 or TLR7/8 agonist to arm the sentinel lymph node in early-stage melanoma.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Gender differences and psychosocial stress in upper respiratory tract infections: insights from healthy and hematological cancer cohorts.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Epidemiology, temporal trends and co-infection of 13 respiratory pathogens in 32,125 children: a 3-year retrospective study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Respiratory syncytial virus as a major driver of SARS in Brazilian children under five years of age: a national surveillance study, 2022-2023.Respiratory research & clinical practice · 2026Article
- Biosurfactants as novel antibiofilm agents: mechanisms, biomedical applications, and applications in biofilm-associated infections.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Can Sex-based Variations in the Immune Responses to AAV Gene Therapy Affect Safety and Efficacy? A Review of Current Understanding.The AAPS journal · 2025Review
- Airway epithelial SARS-CoV-2 infectious and repair responses: relationships to age, sex, and post-COVID pulmonary syndromes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence of RSV IgG Antibodies Across Age Groups in Poland After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Data from the 2023/2024 Epidemic Season.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of catch-up and at-birth nirsevimab immunisation against RSV hospital admission in the first year of life: a population-based case-control study, Spain, 2023/24 season.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Sex-specific cytokine signatures as predictors of anti-PD1 therapy response in non-small cell lung cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Association of urinary eosinophilic protein X at age 3 years and subsequent persistence of wheezing and asthma diagnosis in adolescence.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2024Article
- Pediococcus pentosaceus MIANGUAN Enhances the Immune Response to Vaccination in Mice.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2024Article
- The conneXion between sex and immune responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Sex-related immunity: could Toll-like receptors be the answer in acute inflammatory response?Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Immune dynamics throughout life in relation to sex hormones and perspectives gained from gender-affirming hormone therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Sex chromosome complement and sex steroid signaling underlie sex differences in immunity to respiratory virus infection.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen-specific B cell and antibody responses in pre-vaccination period COVID-19 convalescent males and females with or without post-covid condition.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Attenuating COVID-19 infection and inflammation: Lessons from asthma.Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The mechanisms explaining excess morbidity and mortality in respiratory infections among males are poorly understood. Innate immune responses are critical in protection against respiratory virus infections. We hypothesised that innate immune responses to respiratory viruses may be deficient in males. We stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 345 participants at age 16 years in a population-based birth cohort with three live respiratory viruses (rhinoviruses A16 and A1, and respiratory syncytial virus) and two viral mimics (R848 and CpG-A, to mimic responses to SARS-CoV-2) and investigated sex differences in interferon (IFN) responses. IFN-α responses to all viruses and stimuli were 1.34-2.06-fold lower in males than females (P = 0.018 - < 0.001). IFN-β, IFN-γ and IFN-induced chemokines were also deficient in males across all stimuli/viruses. Healthcare records revealed 12.1% of males and 6.6% of females were hospitalized with respiratory infections in infancy (P = 0.017). In conclusion, impaired innate anti-viral immunity in males likely results in high male morbidity and mortality from respiratory virus infections.
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