ArticleNPJ vaccines2021
Sex-specific effects of aging on humoral immune responses to repeated influenza vaccination in older adults.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multiple vaccine comparison in the same adults reveals vaccine-specific and age-related humoral response patterns: an open phase IV trial.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Article
- The Decline in Influenza Antibody Titers and Modifiers of Vaccine Immunity from over Ten Years of Serological Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- COVID-19 booster doses reduce sex disparities in antibody responses among nursing home residents.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Article
- Reconsidering tools for measuring gender dimensions in biomedical research.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Review
- Longitudinal Analysis of Nursing Home Residents' T-Cell Responses After SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccinations Shows Influence of Biological Sex and Infection History.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Assessment of Humoral Immune Responses to Repeated Influenza Vaccination in a Multiyear Cohort: A 5-Year Follow-up.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Fundamental and frontier research of immune responses to influenza vaccines in human aging: from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to clinical trials and the geroscience perspective.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- The XIST lncRNA is a sex-specific reservoir of TLR7 ligands in SLE.JCI insight · 2023Article
- Survival at older ages: are greater influenza antibody titers protective?Medical hypotheses · 2023Article
- The intersection of biological sex and gender in adverse events following seasonal influenza vaccination in older adults.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- Interseason waning of vaccine-induced hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers and contributing factors to pre-existing humoral immunity against influenza in community-dwelling older adults 75 years and older.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- Immunogenicity and safety of quadrivalent influenza vaccine among young and older adults in Tianjin, China: implication of immunosenescence as a risk factor.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2023Article
- Sex and gender in infection and immunity: addressing the bottlenecks from basic science to public health and clinical applications.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- The intersection of biological sex and gender in adverse events following seasonal influenza vaccination in older adults.Research square · 2023Article
- The intersection of gender and race in older adults' decision to receive COVID-19 vaccines.Vaccine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Older adults (≥65 years of age) bear a significant burden of severe disease and mortality associated with influenza, despite relatively high annual vaccination coverage and substantial pre-existing immunity to influenza. To test the hypothesis that host factors, including age and sex, play a role in determining the effect of repeated vaccination and levels of pre-existing humoral immunity to influenza, we evaluated pre- and post-vaccination strain-specific hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers in adults over 75 years of age who received a high-dose influenza vaccine in at least four out of six influenza seasons. Pre-vaccination titers, rather than host factors and repeated vaccination were significantly associated with post-vaccination HAI titer outcomes, and displayed an age-by-sex interaction. Pre-vaccination titers to H1N1 remained constant with age. Titers to H3N2 and influenza B viruses decreased substantially with age in males, whereas titers in females remained constant with age. Our findings highlight the importance of pre-existing immunity in this highly vaccinated older adult population and suggest that older males are particularly vulnerable to reduced pre-existing humoral immunity to influenza.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.