ArticleNature communications2021
The concerted change in the distribution of cell cycle phases and zone composition in germinal centers is regulated by IL-21.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanoparticle Immunoadjuvant Complexes Augment Germinal Center Responses to Vaccination.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Germinal Center B cells provide essential IL-1β signals to TFH cells via canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activity post influenza infection.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- IL-21 shapes the B cell response in a context-dependent manner.Cell reports · 2025Article
- The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Aberrant zonal recycling of germinal center B cells impairs appropriate selection in lupus.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Maf expression in B cells restricts reactive plasmablast and germinal center B cell expansion.Nature communications · 2024Article
- [Progress of IL-21 and Tfh Mediated Immunotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2024Review
- Recruitment of plasma cells from IL-21-dependent and IL-21-independent immune reactions to the bone marrow.Nature communications · 2024Article
- T-cell help in the germinal center: homing in on the role of IL-21.International immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Cytokines in Follicular Helper T Cell Biology in Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions.Immune network · 2024Review
- B Cell Receptor Transgenic Mice as Tools to Study Memory B Cells.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- IL-21 shapes germinal center polarization via light zone B cell selection and cyclin D3 upregulation.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2023Article
- Glucose oxidation-dependent survival of activated B cells provides a putative novel therapeutic target for lupus treatment.iScience · 2023Article
- Molecular mechanisms insulating proliferation from genotoxic stress in B lymphocytes.Trends in immunology · 2023Review
- STAT3 signaling in B cells controls germinal center zone organization and recycling.Cell reports · 2023Article
- B cell-intrinsic STAT3-mediated support of latency and interferon suppression during murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection revealed through anbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- IL-21R signal reprogramming cooperates with CD40 and BCR signals to select and differentiate germinal center B cells.Science immunology · 2023Article
- IL-21 has a critical role in establishing germinal centers by amplifying early B cell proliferation.EMBO reports · 2022Article
- Germinal center derived B cell memory without T cells.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Humoral immune responses require germinal centres (GC) for antibody affinity maturation. Within GC, B cell proliferation and mutation are segregated from affinity-based positive selection in the dark zone (DZ) and light zone (LZ) substructures, respectively. While IL-21 is known to be important in affinity maturation and GC maintenance, here we show it is required for both establishing normal zone representation and preventing the accumulation of cells in the G1 cell cycle stage in the GC LZ. Cell cycle progression of DZ B cells is unaffected by IL-21 availability, as is the zone phenotype of the most highly proliferative GC B cells. Collectively, this study characterises the development of GC zones as a function of time and B cell proliferation and identifies IL-21 as an important regulator of these processes. These data help explain the requirement for IL-21 in normal antibody affinity maturation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.