ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Examining the Environmental Impacts of the Dairy and Baby Food Industries: Are First-Food Systems a Crucial Missing Part of the Healthy and Sustainable Food Systems Agenda Now Underway?
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nurturing People and Planet: Breastfeeding in Climate Mitigation and Adaptation.Frontiers in sustainable food systems · 2026Article
- Ambient temperature and exclusive breastfeeding: a nationwide cohort study in Brazil.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Gender-just reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in maternity care services through the 'baby- friendly hospital initiative': a scoping review.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Different Infant Feeding Types: The Observational Study GREEN MOTHER.Journal of advanced nursing · 2025Observational
- Article
- Analysis of Sensory Attributes and Purchasing Decisions of Plant-Based Beverages of Young Consumers in Poland on a Vegan and Traditional Diet.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Bridging the Milk Gap: Integrating a Human Milk Bank-Blood Bank Model to Reinforce Lactation Support and Neonatal Care.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Economic and environmental impacts of commercial milk formula in Indonesia: estimates and comparisons using the Cost of Not Breastfeeding, Green Feeding, and Mothers' Milk Tools.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Article
- From Cow to Climate-Tracing the Path of Dairy Sustainability: Unveiling the Impact on Sustainable Development Goals Through Bibliometric and Literature Analyses.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Impact of Livelihood Diversification on Rural Households' Food and Nutrition Security: Evidence from West Shoa Zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Addressing Infant and Young Child Feeding Recommendations From a Planetary Health Perspective.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Review
- Environmental impact of infant feeding type, accessories used and maternal dietary habits: The GREEN MOTHER-I project, a cross-sectional study protocol.Nutrition journal · 2024Article
- Carcinogenic Risk from Lead and Cadmium Contaminating Cow Milk and Soya Beverage Brands Available in the Portuguese Market.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Article
- A proposal to recognize investment in breastfeeding as a carbon offset.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2024Article
- The economic value of human milk from three cohort studies in Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy.International breastfeeding journal · 2024Article
- Estimating carbon and water footprints associated with commercial milk formula production and use: development and implications of the Green Feeding Climate Action Tool.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- A long-acting prolactin to combat lactation insufficiency.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Review
- Digital marketing of commercial breastmilk substitutes and baby foods: strategies, and recommendations for its regulation in Mexico.Globalization and health · 2023Article
- A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants' gut microbiota.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Food systems are increasingly being understood as driving various health and ecological crises and their transformation is recognised as a key opportunity for planetary health. First-food systems represent an underexplored aspect of this transformation. Despite breastfeeding representing the optimal source of infant nutrition, use of commercial milk formula (CMF) is high and growing rapidly. In this review, we examine the impact of CMF use on planetary health, considering in particular its effects on climate change, water use and pollution and the consequences of these effects for human health. Milk is the main ingredient in the production of CMF, making the role of the dairy sector a key area of attention. We find that CMF use has twice the carbon footprint of breastfeeding, while 1 kg of CMF has a blue water footprint of 699 L; CMF has a significant and harmful environmental impact. Facilitation and protection of breastfeeding represents a key part of developing sustainable first-food systems and has huge potential benefits for maternal and child health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.