ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Interventions Targeting Bottle and Formula Feeding in the Prevention and Treatment of Early Childhood Caries, Overweight and Obesity: An Integrative Review.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Carer perspectives on overweight, obesity and dental caries in early childhood: findings from a systematic qualitative review.Frontiers in oral health · 2025Pooled it
- The CHALO! Study Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Risk of Childhood Dental Caries and Obesity.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Trial
- Impact of Oral Health Chatbot With and Without Toothbrushing Training on Childhood Caries.International dental journal · 2025Trial
- A Pilot Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial of Effects of Opaque Bottles on Maternal Sensitivity, Infant Intake, and Infant Weight Status.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2024Trial
- Risk factors of obesity among infants and young children below 2 years of age: A case control study.The Indian journal of medical research · 2026Review
- Addressing Research Gaps in Early Childhood Caries: A Comprehensive Review.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Article
- Maternal Pressure and Frequent Use of Bottle During Feeding Moderate Infant Food Cue Reactivity over Time.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Perspectives and Influences of Intergenerational Caregivers on Cariogenic Feeding Practices in Childhood: A Qualitative Study.International journal of paediatric dentistry · 2025Article
- Music Therapy with Preterm Infants and Their Families after Hospital Discharge: An Integrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Review
- Phenylalanine-Free Infant Formula in Patients with Phenylketonuria: A Retrospective Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Profiling the Gut Microbiota in Obese Children with Formula Feeding in Early Life and Selecting Strains against Obesity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Overweight, obesity and early childhood caries (ECC) are preventable conditions affecting infants and young children, with increased prevalence in those formula-fed. Previous research has focused on distinct outcomes for oral health and healthy weight gain. However, the aetiology may be linked through overlapping obesogenic and cariogenic feeding behaviours, such as increased sugar exposure through bottle propping and overfeeding. Best-practice bottle feeding and transition to cup use may concurrently reduce overweight, obesity and ECC. This integrative review aimed to identify interventions supporting best-practice formula feeding or bottle cessation and examine the intervention effects on feeding, oral health and weight outcomes. The reviewers searched nine databases and found 27 studies that met the predetermined inclusion criteria. Eighteen studies focused on populations vulnerable to ECC or unhealthy weight gain. All studies focused on carer education; however, only 10 studies utilised behaviour change techniques or theories addressing antecedents to obesogenic or cariogenic behaviours. The outcomes varied: 16 studies reported mixed outcomes, and eight reported worsened post-intervention outcomes. While some studies reported improvements, these were not maintained long-term. Many study designs were at risk of bias. Effective intervention strategies for preventing ECC and child obesity require the holistic use of interdisciplinary approaches, consumer co-design and the use of behavioural change theory.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.