Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34885985›Full record

ReviewMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2021

Natural and Synthetic Halogenated Amino Acids-Structural and Bioactive Features in Antimicrobial Peptides and Peptidomimetics.

Mario Mardirossian, Marina Rubini, Mauro F A Adamo, Marco Scocchi, Michele Saviano, Alessandro Tossi, Renato Gennaro, Andrea Caporale

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Halogenated 3-Nitro-2Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. The activity of antimicrobial peptoids against multidrug-resistant ocular pathogens.Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association · 2024
    Article
  15. Review
  16. Various Biomimetics, Including Peptides as Antifungals.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023
    Review
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Halogenated Pyrrolopyrimidines with Low MIC onAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mario MardirossianDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell'Ospitale, 1, 34125 Trieste, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-5735-2363
Marina RubiniSchool of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0002-3102-2558
Mauro F A AdamoDepartment of Chemistry, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB), RCSI, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Marco ScocchiDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 5, Q Building, 34127 Trieste, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-1247-3641
Michele SavianoInstitute of Crystallography (IC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola, 122, 70126 Bari, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9087-5764
Alessandro TossiDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 5, Q Building, 34127 Trieste, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-5086-2459
Renato GennaroDepartment of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri, 5, Q Building, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
Andrea CaporaleInstitute of Crystallography (IC), National Research Council (CNR), c/o Area Science Park, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-7827-3960

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The 3D structure and surface characteristics of proteins and peptides are crucial for interactions with receptors or ligands and can be modified to some extent to modulate their biological roles and pharmacological activities. The introduction of halogen atoms on the side-chains of amino acids is a powerful tool for effecting this type of tuning, influencing both the physico-chemical and structural properties of the modified polypeptides, helping to first dissect and then rationally modify features that affect their mode of action. This review provides examples of the influence of different types of halogenation in amino acids that replace native residues in proteins and peptides. Examples of synthetic strategies for obtaining halogenated amino acids are also provided, focusing on some representative compounds and their biological effects. The role of halogenation in native and designed antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their mimetics is then discussed. These are in the spotlight for the development of new antimicrobial drugs to counter the rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. AMPs represent an interesting model to study the role that natural halogenation has on their mode of action and also to understand how artificially halogenated residues can be used to rationally modify and optimize AMPs for pharmaceutical purposes.

Indexed as

HalogenationAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntimicrobial PeptidesGram-Negative BacteriaGram-Positive BacteriaHalogensHumansMicrobial Sensitivity TestsPeptidomimeticsPeptoidsProlineStructure-Activity RelationshipAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntimicrobial Peptidesfluoro-prolineHalogensPeptidomimeticsPeptoidsProlineantimicrobial peptides (AMPs)bromo-tryptophanfluoro amino acidsfluoro-prolinehalogenationpeptidesstructure-activity relationshipα- and β-peptoids

Identifiers

PMID34885985
PMCPMC8659048

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.