ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Current Status of Biomarkers in Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurofilament light chain levels in neuronal surface antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Associated with Ovarian Teratoma: A Comprehensive Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Protein Profiling Identifies Biomarkers for Predicting Disease Severity in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Soluble TREM2 Is Elevated in Pediatric Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Elevated CHI3L1 as a Potential Biomarker of Cognitive Dysfunction in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: Evidence From Clinical Results and Mice Model.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Longitudinal changes in [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Altered tyrosine metabolism and B lymphocyte profiles are associated with disease severity in pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a cross-sectional study.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Machine Learning and Shapley Additive Explanations Value Integration for Predicting the Prognostic of Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: Model Development and Evaluation Study.JMIR medical informatics · 2025Article
- Relapses in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis: Clinical Characterization and Predictive Features.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- Article
- Ovarian teratomas causing anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a case series from west China.Translational cancer research · 2025Article
- Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Long-Term Clinical and Biological Prognostic Factors of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis in Children.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- Successful treatment with efgartigimod as an add-on therapy for acute attack of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a case report.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Aberrant lncRNA and mRNA expression in patients with anti-Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Progress in the preparation of an active immunization model of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in animals.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immune inflammatory regulation in Anti-NMDAR encephalitis: insights from transcriptome analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Amyloid and Tau as cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in anti-N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Increased serum phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio associated with the psychiatric symptom of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The discovery of biomarkers in rare diseases is of paramount importance to allow a better diagnosis, improve predictions of outcomes, and prompt the development of new treatments. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disorder associated with the presence of antibodies targeting the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR. Since it was discovered in 2007, large efforts have been made towards the identification of clinical, paraclinical, and molecular biomarkers to better understand the immune mechanisms that govern the course of the disease as well as to define predictors of treatment response and long-term outcomes. However, most of these biomarkers are still in an exploratory phase, with only a few candidates reaching the final phases of the always-complex process of biomarker development, mainly due to the low incidence of the disease and its recent description. Clinical and paraclinical markers are probably the most widely explored in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, five of them combined in a clinical score to predict 1 year outcome. On the contrary, soluble molecules, such as persistent antibody positivity, antibody titers, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators, have been proposed as biomarkers of clinical activity, inflammation, prognosis, and treatment response, but further studies are required for their clinical validation including larger and more homogenous cohorts of patients. Similarly, genetic susceptibility biomarkers are still in the exploratory phase and, therefore, weak conclusions can for now only be achieved. Thus, further studies are warranted to define biomarkers and unravel the underlying mechanisms driving rare diseases such as anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Future international collaborative studies with prospective designs that enable the enrollment of large cohorts will allow for the identification and validation of novel biomarkers for clinical decision-making.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.