ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Placental Endocrine Activity: Adaptation and Disruption of Maternal Glucose Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Influence of Fetal Sex.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond Deterministic Fetal Programming: Intrauterine Exposures and the Multifactorial Origins of Adiposity.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- Marked Third-Trimester Placental Thickening Is Associated with Maternal Infectious, Hormonal, and Metabolic Burden: A Matched Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- FGF21 and SHBG as Putative Hepatic Axes in Maternal Metabolic Adaptation: A Hypothetical Framework for Postpartum Insulin Sensitivity Restoration.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- The Motor Neuromuscular Axis: The Overlooked Element of Developmental Programming in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal-infant microbiome axis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic interventions.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- AOC1 regulates labor initiation through spermidine-induced autophagy of placental trophoblast cells via EIF5A hypusination.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Maternal Glucose Metabolism and Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Offspring: Modification by Erythrocyte Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Transient fetal hyperglycemia reprograms adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and insulin signaling in zebrafish.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2026Article
- Long-read assembly reveals vast transcriptional complexity in the placenta associated with metabolic and endocrine function.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The Double-Edged Sword of Gestational Insulin Resistance: Navigating Maternal Adaptation and Its Risks for Pregnancy and Offspring Health.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- Kisspeptin Restores Placental mTOR Signaling and Improves Glucose Homeostasis Mediators Disrupted by Maternal Hypothyroidism in Rats.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Is There an Association Between Periodontitis and Gestational Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Chrono-Nutrition in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Implications of Meal Timing and Nutrient Distribution for Glycemic Control.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Effects of prenatal maternal smoking on placental IGF-1, leptin, and HPL expression and breastfeeding practices.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Functional foods and their potential impact on women's health in Chile.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Modeling dynamic velocity-based gestational weight gain trajectories in advanced maternal age: association with perinatal outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Neuroendocrine crosstalk between sex and metabolic hormones: mechanisms and implications across the female reproductive spectrum.Discover endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- The effects of placental amino acid transporter gene expression and lamb development in primiparous versus multiparous Awassi ewes.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ferroptosis in the placenta of gestational diabetes mellitus.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The placenta is an endocrine fetal organ, which secretes a plethora of steroid- and proteo-hormones, metabolic proteins, growth factors, and cytokines in order to adapt maternal physiology to pregnancy. Central to the growth of the fetus is the supply with nutrients, foremost with glucose. Therefore, during pregnancy, maternal insulin resistance arises, which elevates maternal blood glucose levels, and consequently ensures an adequate glucose supply for the developing fetus. At the same time, maternal β-cell mass and function increase to compensate for the higher insulin demand. These adaptations are also regulated by the endocrine function of the placenta. Excessive insulin resistance or the inability to increase insulin production accordingly disrupts physiological modulation of pregnancy mediated glucose metabolism and may cause maternal gestational diabetes (GDM). A growing body of evidence suggests that this adaptation of maternal glucose metabolism differs between pregnancies carrying a girl vs. pregnancies carrying a boy. Moreover, the risk of developing GDM differs depending on the sex of the fetus. Sex differences in placenta derived hormones and bioactive proteins, which adapt and modulate maternal glucose metabolism, are likely to contribute to this sexual dimorphism. This review provides an overview on the adaptation and maladaptation of maternal glucose metabolism by placenta-derived factors, and highlights sex differences in this regulatory network.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.