ReviewPLoS pathogens2021
Fungicide effects on human fungal pathogens: Cross-resistance to medical drugs and beyond.
Review in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- In Vitro Anti-Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Agricultural fungicides shape soil and sediment reservoirs of multidrug-resistant fungi.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends in antifungal use characteristics in primary care in Spain, 2019 to 2024: a nationwide study.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2026Observational
- A combined approach using environmental yeasts and microbial indicators to assess aquatic pollution.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2026Article
- Sand Quality on Portuguese Blue Flagged Beaches: Fungal and Faecal Contamination Across Two Bathing Seasons.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- The dual role of azoles: lifesaving antifungals and drivers of resistance - a One Health perspective.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Evidence that increased azole persistence and stress resistance precede theMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Yeast community associated with winter wheat leaves and its sensitivity to fungicides.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Infrared Spectroscopy as a Promising Tool for Diagnosing and Typing Human Pathogenic Fungi.Mycoses · 2026Review
- Differentiation ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Interconnected worlds: a comprehensive review of fungal defenses, antimicrobial resistance, and their evolutionary dynamics.IMA fungus · 2026Review
- Plant-derived, stress-responsive microRNA mimics reduce powdery mildew infections of barley.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Article
- Antifungal and fungicide susceptibility of clinical, animal, and environmental Fusarium and Neocosmospora species from Colombia: a one-health approach.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence and diversity of antifungal resistance inAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Article
- A Systematic Review on the Toxicology of European Union-Approved Triazole Fungicides in Cell Lines and Mammalian Models.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Article
- Resistance of ERG24 sterol C-14 reductase to heterocyclic amine antifungals.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fungal infections are underestimated threats that affect over 1 billion people, and Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., and Aspergillus spp. are the 3 most fatal fungi. The treatment of these infections is performed with a limited arsenal of antifungal drugs, and the class of the azoles is the most used. Although these drugs present low toxicity for the host, there is an emergence of therapeutic failure due to azole resistance. Drug resistance normally develops in patients undergoing azole long-term therapy, when the fungus in contact with the drug can adapt and survive. Conversely, several reports have been showing that resistant isolates are also recovered from patients with no prior history of azole therapy, suggesting that other routes might be driving antifungal resistance. Intriguingly, antifungal resistance also happens in the environment since resistant strains have been isolated from plant materials, soil, decomposing matter, and compost, where important human fungal pathogens live. As the resistant fungi can be isolated from the environment, in places where agrochemicals are extensively used in agriculture and wood industry, the hypothesis that fungicides could be driving and selecting resistance mechanism in nature, before the contact of the fungus with the host, has gained more attention. The effects of fungicide exposure on fungal resistance have been extensively studied in Aspergillus fumigatus and less investigated in other human fungal pathogens. Here, we discuss not only classic and recent studies showing that environmental azole exposure selects cross-resistance to medical azoles in A. fumigatus, but also how this phenomenon affects Candida and Cryptococcus, other 2 important human fungal pathogens found in the environment. We also examine data showing that fungicide exposure can select relevant changes in the morphophysiology and virulence of those pathogens, suggesting that its effect goes beyond the cross-resistance.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.