Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34880419›Full record

ArticleCommunications biology2021

Huntingtin structure is orchestrated by HAP40 and shows a polyglutamine expansion-specific interaction with exon 1.

Rachel J Harding, Justin C Deme, Johannes F Hevler, Sem Tamara, Alexander Lemak, Jeffrey P Cantle, Magdalena M Szewczyk, Nola Begeja, Siobhan Goss, Xiaobing Zuo and 10 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Communications biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
27citing papers in PubMed
4.2field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

27 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Structural-functional analyses of the huntingtin/HAP40 complex inJournal of biomolecular structure & dynamics · 2026
    Article
  3. Review
  4. High-affinity, structure-validated and selective macrocyclic peptide tools for chemical biology studies of Huntingtin.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
  5. ALS and Huntington Disease: Unraveling the Connections between TDP-43 and Huntingtin.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026
    Review
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Poly ADP-ribose signaling is dysregulated in Huntington disease.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Huntingtin contains an ubiquitin-binding domain and regulates lysosomal targeting of mitochondrial and RNA-binding proteins.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
    Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.

Rachel J HardingStructural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. Rachel.Harding@utoronto.ca.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1134-391X
Justin C DemeSir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8811-9871
Johannes F HevlerBiomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Sem TamaraBiomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-9404
Alexander LemakPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
Jeffrey P CantleBehavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA.
Magdalena M SzewczykStructural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
Nola BegejaDepartment of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
Siobhan GossDepartment of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
Xiaobing ZuoX-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-4804
Peter LoppnauStructural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
Alma SeitovaStructural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
Ashley HutchinsonStructural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
Lixin FanBasic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAXS Core of NCI, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA.
Ray TruantDepartment of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
Matthieu SchapiraStructural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1047-3309
Jeffrey B CarrollBehavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 98225, USA.
Albert J R HeckBiomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-4404
Susan M LeaSir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-8053
Cheryl H ArrowsmithStructural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. Cheryl.Arrowsmith@uhnresearch.ca.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-3250
University of Toronto · CAMcMaster University · CAUtrecht University · NLUniversity of Oxford · GBWestern Washington University · USArgonne National Laboratory · USNational Institutes of Health · US

Funding

CCR NIH HHS HHSN261200800001CNCI NIH HHS HHSN261200800001EWellcome TrustWellcome Trust 106169/ZZ14/Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Huntington's disease results from expansion of a glutamine-coding CAG tract in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, producing an aberrantly functioning form of HTT. Both wildtype and disease-state HTT form a hetero-dimer with HAP40 of unknown functional relevance. We demonstrate in vivo and in cell models that HTT and HAP40 cellular abundance are coupled. Integrating data from a 2.6 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure, cross-linking mass spectrometry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and modeling, we provide a near-atomic-level view of HTT, its molecular interaction surfaces and compacted domain architecture, orchestrated by HAP40. Native mass spectrometry reveals a remarkably stable hetero-dimer, potentially explaining the cellular inter-dependence of HTT and HAP40. The exon 1 region of HTT is dynamic but shows greater conformational variety in the polyglutamine expanded mutant than wildtype exon 1. Our data provide a foundation for future functional and drug discovery studies targeting Huntington's disease and illuminate the structural consequences of HTT polyglutamine expansion.

Indexed as

ExonsCryoelectron MicroscopyHumansHuntingtin ProteinHuntington DiseaseNuclear ProteinsPeptidesHAP40 protein, humanHTT protein, humanHuntingtin ProteinNuclear ProteinsPeptidespolyglutamine

Identifiers

PMID34880419
PMCPMC8654980
OpenAlexW4200625369

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.