Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34880161›Full record

ArticleExperimental animals2022

Intravenous propofol, ketamine (ketofol) and rocuronium after sevoflurane induction provides long lasting anesthesia in ventilated rats.

Daniel Kiefer, Lukas M Müller-Wirtz, Felix Maurer, Tobias Hüppe, Alexander M Mathes, Thomas Volk, Sascha Kreuer, Tobias Fink

Open access · diamondAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Experimental animals, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
1.2field-weighted citation impact, top 23% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Daniel KieferCBR - Center of Breath Research*, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Street 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany (*The Center of Breath Research is part of the Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).
Lukas M Müller-WirtzCBR - Center of Breath Research*, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Street 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany (*The Center of Breath Research is part of the Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).
Felix MaurerCBR - Center of Breath Research*, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Street 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany (*The Center of Breath Research is part of the Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).
Tobias HüppeCBR - Center of Breath Research*, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Street 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany (*The Center of Breath Research is part of the Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).
Alexander M MathesDepartment of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, Kerpener Street 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany.
Thomas VolkCBR - Center of Breath Research*, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Street 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany (*The Center of Breath Research is part of the Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).
Sascha KreuerCBR - Center of Breath Research*, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Street 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany (*The Center of Breath Research is part of the Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).
Tobias FinkCBR - Center of Breath Research*, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Street 100, 66421 Homburg, Germany (*The Center of Breath Research is part of the Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).
Saarland University · DEOutcomes Research Consortium · USUniversity Hospital Cologne · DE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rats are commonly used animals for laboratory experiments and many experiments require general anesthesia. However, the lack of published and reproducible intravenous anesthesia protocols for rats results in unnecessary animal use to establish new anesthesia techniques across institutions. We therefore developed an anesthesia protocol with propofol, ketamine, and rocuronium for mechanically ventilated rats, and evaluated vital parameters and plasma concentrations. 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent inhalation induction with sevoflurane and tracheal, venous and arterial cannulation. After established venous access, sevoflurane was substituted by propofol and ketamine (ketofol). Rocuronium was added under mechanical ventilation for 7 h. Drug dosages were stepwise reduced to prevent accumulation. All animals survived the observation period and showed adequate depth of anesthesia. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate remained within normal ranges. Median propofol plasma concentrations remained stable: 1, 4, 7 h: 2.0 (interquartile range (IQR): 1.8-2.2), 2.1 (1.8-2.2), 1.8 (1.6-2.1) µg/ml, whereas median ketamine concentrations slightly differed after 7 h compared to 1 h: 1, 4, 7 h: 3.7 (IQR: 3.5-4.5), 3.8 (3.3-4.1), 3.8 (3.0-4.1) µg/ml. Median rocuronium plasma concentrations were lower after 4 and 7 h compared to 1 h: 1, 4, 7 h: 3.9 (IQR: 3.5-4.9), 3.2 (2.7-3.3), 3.0 (2.4-3.4) µg/ml. Our anesthesia protocol provides stable and reliable anesthesia in mechanically ventilated rats for several hours.

Indexed as

Anesthetics, InhalationKetamineMethyl EthersPropofolAnesthesia, GeneralAnesthesia, IntravenousAnesthetics, IntravenousAnimalsMaleRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyRocuroniumSevofluraneAnesthetics, InhalationAnesthetics, IntravenousKetamineMethyl EthersPropofolRocuroniumSevofluraneanesthetics plasma concentrationrat anesthesia techniquesrat inhalation anesthesiarat long time anesthesiarat ventilation

Identifiers

PMID34880161
PMCPMC9130037
OpenAlexW4200325721

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.