ArticleDiabetes research and clinical practice2022
IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045.
Article in Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 10 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 5,250 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy and Safety of Incorporating Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors to Regimens of Diabetes Patients Already Receiving Therapy
Open the trial in the graphThe Effectiveness of 'A BCC Model' in Promoting Physical Activity Among Females With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:A Randomised Controlled Trial
Malaria, Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Investigating the Double Burden of Diseases in Cameroon
Maternal Endocrine System and Metabolic Diseases and Offspring Health: Prediction Within a Birth Cohort
Addressing Gaps in the Hypertension and Diabetes Care Continuum in Rural Bangladesh Through mHealth and Decentralized Primary Care: The Dinajpur Study
Evaluate the Results of Fall Prevention in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Prevalence and Management Practice of Diabetic Kidney Disease at BADAS Affiliated Healthcare Centres in Bangladesh - An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study
Remission of Type 2 Diabetes With Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity and Psychological Support: a Randomized Clinical Trial
Effect of Beetroot Juice on Cardiovascular and Autonomic Responses During and After Exercise in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Triglyceride-rich LIPoproteins and INflammatory Cytokines After Oral FAT Loading as Potential Early Biomarkers of the Risk of Progression Towards DIABETES and Development of Complications. LIPINFAT Diabetes Study.
Who cites it
5,250 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 9,234 citations in OpenAlex.
- Treatment preference for once-weekly versus once-daily DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Annals of medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Ion Channel Modulators in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- The effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on osteoarthritis risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Acta diabetologica · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of pharmacological treatment and lifestyle modification on prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTS).Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Community-Based Personalised Lifestyle Intervention Guided by Intermittent Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Acute mild cold exposure with shivering reduces 24 h glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes but not prediabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Trial
- Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence evaluation of teneligliptin hydrobromide tablets following single-dose administration in healthy Chinese volunteers under fasting and fed conditions.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Trial
- Comparison of Traditional Chinese Exercise and Equipment-Based Exercise on Glycaemic Control and Vitamin D Levels in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients With Prediabetes: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Synergistic effects of synbiotic, protein supplementation, and resistance training on inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a RCT triple-blinded study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Evaluating the Impact and Practicality of a National Digital Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Single-Arm Nonrandomized Pilot Trial.JMIR formative research · 2026Trial
- Totum-63, a plant-based polyphenol-rich extract, in prediabetes or early-stage type 2 diabetes: an international, multicenter, randomized controlled trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Semaglutide Treatment in Young Adults Living With Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis From the SUSTAIN and PIONEER Clinical Trials.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Trial
- Patients' conceptions of opting out of group-based education for type 2 diabetes in Swedish primary care - a phenomenographic interview study.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being · 2026Article
- Experiences of contacts with diabetes care professionals among people with type 2 diabetes in an urban Swedish setting.Scandinavian journal of primary health care · 2026Article
- Vitamin D deficiency, multimorbidity, and mortality in stage 2 cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) Syndrome: evidence from the NHANES 2001-2018 cohort.Renal failure · 2026Article
- Polyphenol-rich cocoa in reducing diabetes-related pulmonary and vascular dysfunction: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Review
- Article
- Pharmacological insights into the antidiabetic potential ofToxicology reports · 2026Article
- Serum advanced glycation end-products as a biomarker of cumulative glycaemic burden and complications in type 2 diabetes: a pilot study.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
5,190 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
20 authors at 14 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
Abstract
aimsTo provide global, regional, and country-level estimates of diabetes prevalence and health expenditures for 2021 and projections for 2045.
methodsA total of 219 data sources meeting pre-established quality criteria reporting research conducted between 2005 and 2020 and representing 215 countries and territories were identified. For countries without data meeting quality criteria, estimates were extrapolated from countries with similar economies, ethnicity, geography and language. Logistic regression was used to generate smoothed age-specific diabetes prevalence estimates. Diabetes-related health expenditures were estimated using an attributable fraction method. The 2021 diabetes prevalence estimates were applied to population estimates for 2045 to project future prevalence.
resultsThe global diabetes prevalence in 20-79 year olds in 2021 was estimated to be 10.5% (536.6 million people), rising to 12.2% (783.2 million) in 2045. Diabetes prevalence was similar in men and women and was highest in those aged 75-79 years. Prevalence (in 2021) was estimated to be higher in urban (12.1%) than rural (8.3%) areas, and in high-income (11.1%) compared to low-income countries (5.5%). The greatest relative increase in the prevalence of diabetes between 2021 and 2045 is expected to occur in middle-income countries (21.1%) compared to high- (12.2%) and low-income (11.9%) countries. Global diabetes-related health expenditures were estimated at 966 billion USD in 2021, and are projected to reach 1,054 billion USD by 2045.
conclusionsJust over half a billion people are living with diabetes worldwide which means that over 10.5% of the world's adult population now have this condition.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.