Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34879880›Full record

ArticleMilitary Medical Research2021

Epidemiological trends of urinary tract infections, urolithiasis and benign prostatic hyperplasia in 203 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.

Cong Zhu, Dan-Qi Wang, Hao Zi, Qiao Huang, Jia-Min Gu, Lu-Yao Li, Xing-Pei Guo, Fei Li, Cheng Fang, Xiao-Dong Li and 1 more

Open access · diamondAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Military Medical Research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
88citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
12.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

88 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 116 citations in OpenAlex.

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  14. Risk Factors for Upper Urinary Tract Stone Recurrence: A Retrospective Study of 247 Patients.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026
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28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Cong Zhu *Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
Dan-Qi Wang *Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
Hao Zi *Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
Qiao HuangDepartment of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
Jia-Min GuDepartment of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
Lu-Yao LiDepartment of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
Xing-Pei GuoCenter for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
Fei LiDepartment of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
Cheng FangDepartment of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. vitsippa@whu.edu.cn.
Xiao-Dong LiInstitutes of Evidence-Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China. hndxhhyylxd@126.com.
Xian-Tao ZengDepartment of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. zengxiantao1128@whu.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0003-1262-725X
Wuhan University · CNHenan University · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUrinary tract infections (UTI), urolithiasis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are three of the most common nonmalignant conditions in urology. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and updated epidemiological data. This study aimed to investigate the disease burden of UTI, urolithiasis, and BPH in 203 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.

methodsData were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019, including incident cases, deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and corresponding age-standardized rate (ASR) from 1990 to 2019. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to evaluate the trends of ASR. The associations between disease burden and social development degrees were analyzed using a sociodemographic index (SDI).

resultsCompared with 1990, the incident cases of UTI, urolithiasis, and BPH increased by 60.40%, 48.57%, and 105.70% in 2019, respectively. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of UTI increased (EAPC = 0.08), while urolithiasis (EAPC = - 0.83) and BPH (EAPC = - 0.03) decreased from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of UTI and urolithiasis were 3.13/100,000 and 0.17/100,000, respectively. BPH had the largest increase (110.56%) in DALYs in the past three decades, followed by UTI (68.89%) and urolithiasis (16.95%). The burden of UTI was mainly concentrated in South Asia and Tropical Latin America, while the burden of urolithiasis and BPH was recorded in Asia and Eastern Europe. Moreover, the ASIR and SDI of urolithiasis in high-SDI regions from 1990 to 2019 were negatively correlated, while the opposite trend was seen in low-SDI regions. In 2019, the ASIR of UTI in females was 3.59 times that of males, while the ASIR of urolithiasis in males was 1.96 times higher than that in females. The incidence was highest in the 30-34, 55-59, and 65-69 age groups among the UTI, urolithiasis, and BPH groups, respectively.

conclusionOver the past three decades, the disease burden has increased for UTI but decreased for urolithiasis and BPH. The allocation of medical resources should be based more on the epidemiological characteristics and geographical distribution of diseases.

Indexed as

Prostatic HyperplasiaUrinary Tract InfectionsUrolithiasisFemaleGlobal Burden of DiseaseHumansMaleQuality-Adjusted Life YearsBenign prostatic hyperplasiaDisability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)Disease burdenIncidenceMortalityUrinary tract infectionsUrolithiasis

Identifiers

PMID34879880
PMCPMC8656041
OpenAlexW4200581868

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.