ArticleObesity science & practice2021
Differences in the proportion of children meeting behavior guidelines between summer and school by socioeconomic status and race.
Article in Obesity science & practice, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global Changes in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Examining adolescents' obesogenic behaviors on structured days: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2022Pooled it
- The Cost Effectiveness of a Free Summer Day Camp Voucher Program to Prevent Summer Weight Gain Among Children From Disadvantaged Households.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Trial
- Examining differences in parent-reported screen time from school to summer in children: an observational cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- School's Out, Rules Out: Changes in parent rules and routines over summer from the What's UP (Undermining Prevention) with Summer Observational Cohort Study.Research square · 2026Article
- Changes in sleep from adolescence to young adulthood: Findings from the Eating and Activity over Time 2010-2018 Study.Sleep health · 2026Article
- Levelling-up summer: using summer holiday programs to support child health and wellbeing - a Delphi study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Family and Home Environment Predictors of Children's 24-Hour Movement Guideline Adherence: A Mixed-Methods Study.Childhood obesity (Print) · 2025Article
- Sleep, Screen Behaviors, and Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Cross-Sectional Study of U.S. Children and Adolescents.Journal of child & adolescent trauma · 2024Article
- Children's Health, Wellbeing and Academic Outcomes over the Summer Holidays: A Scoping Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Children's activity and diet behaviours in the summer holidays versus school year.Pediatric obesity · 2023Article
- Differences in the proportion of children meeting behavior guidelines between summer and school by socioeconomic status and race.Obesity science & practice · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveChildren who fail to meet activity, sleep, and screen-time guidelines are at increased risk for obesity. Further, children who are Black are more likely to have obesity when compared to children who are White, and children from low-income households are at increased risk for obesity when compared to children from higher-income households. The objective of this study was to evaluate the proportion of days meeting obesogenic behavior guidelines during the school year compared to summer vacation by race and free/reduced priced lunch (FRPL) eligibility.
methodsMixed-effects linear and logistic regressions estimated the proportion of days participants met activity, sleep, and screen-time guidelines during summer and school by race and FRPL eligibility within an observational cohort sample.
resultsChildren (n = 268, grades = K - 4, 44.1%FRPL, 59.0% Black) attending three schools participated. Children's activity, sleep, and screen-time were collected during an average of 23 school days and 16 days during summer vacation. During school, both children who were White and eligible for FRPL met activity, sleep, and screen-time guidelines on a greater proportion of days when compared to their Black and non-eligible counterparts. Significant differences in changes from school to summer in the proportion of days children met activity (-6.2%, 95CI = -10.1%, -2.3%; OR = 0.7, 95CI = 0.6, 0.9) and sleep (7.6%, 95CI = 2.9%, 12.4%; OR = 2.1, 95CI = 1.4, 3.0) guidelines between children who were Black and White were observed. Differences in changes in activity (-8.5%, 95CI = -4.9%, -12.1%; OR = 1.5, 95CI = 1.3, 1.8) were observed between children eligible versus uneligible for FRPL.
conclusionsSummer vacation may be an important time for targeting activity and screen-time of children who are Black and/or eligible for FRPL.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.