ArticleNature communications2021
Delayed induction of type I and III interferons mediates nasal epithelial cell permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of inhaled interferon-β1a on SARS-CoV-2 diversity and evolution.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Trial
- Review
- IFNλ4 Gene Variants Are Associated with CD8Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Temporal Dynamics of Innate Immune Activation and Viral Interference During Sequential Co-Infection with Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Therapeutic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Tonic and early interferons defend against respiratory viruses in primary human lung organoid-derived air-liquid interface cultures.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Exploring Key Regulators of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Immune Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Viruses · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Differential Induction and Signaling of Type I and III Interferons During Infection of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells With the Four Human Parainfluenza Virus Types.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Research square · 2026Article
- Bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients: potential source of bacterial infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Next-generation single-cycle respiratory syncytial virus vaccines with increased type I interferon induction yield robust systemic and mucosal responses in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- N6-methyladenosine as a potential epitranscriptomic immune rheostat during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Heterogeneity of Airborne Virus Transmission in the Built Environment: A Narrative Review.Pathogens & immunity · 2026Review
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 endoribonuclease subverts host defenses to enhance viral fitness in lung cells.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Distinct circulating autoantibodies are associated with COVID-19 hospitalization and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity.Npj viruses · 2025Article
- Airway epithelial SARS-CoV-2 infectious and repair responses: relationships to age, sex, and post-COVID pulmonary syndromes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Human coronaviruses: activation and antagonism of innate immune responses.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Single-cell analysis of lung epithelial cells reveals age and cell population-specific responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in ciliated cells.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
28 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The nasal epithelium is a plausible entry point for SARS-CoV-2, a site of pathogenesis and transmission, and may initiate the host response to SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral interferon (IFN) responses are critical to outcome of SARS-CoV-2. Yet little is known about the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity in this tissue. Here we apply single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics to a primary cell model of human nasal epithelium differentiated at air-liquid interface. SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates widespread tropism for nasal epithelial cell types. The host response is dominated by type I and III IFNs and interferon-stimulated gene products. This response is notably delayed in onset relative to viral gene expression and compared to other respiratory viruses. Nevertheless, once established, the paracrine IFN response begins to impact on SARS-CoV-2 replication. When provided prior to infection, recombinant IFNβ or IFNλ1 induces an efficient antiviral state that potently restricts SARS-CoV-2 viral replication, preserving epithelial barrier integrity. These data imply that the IFN-I/III response to SARS-CoV-2 initiates in the nasal airway and suggest nasal delivery of recombinant IFNs to be a potential chemoprophylactic strategy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.