ReviewRMD open2021
Sex-associated and gender-associated differences in the diagnosis and management of axial spondyloarthritis: addressing the unmet needs of female patients.
Review in RMD open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding sex-related differences among Asian axial spondyloarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis : Sex differences and clinical outcomes in Asian axial spondyloarthritis.BMC rheumatology · 2025Pooled it
- Kinesiophobia and physical activity participation in axial spondyloarthritis: a cross-sectional study during the COVID-19 pandemic.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Sex and gender differences in rheumatology: clinical impact and future directions.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Prescription Patterns in Psoriatic Arthritis: Insights from a Sex-Based Perspective.Rheumatology and therapy · 2026Article
- Sex-based differences in bDMARD initiation and persistence in spondyloarthritis: a 17-year follow-up study from the REGISPON-3 registry.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Observational
- Disease Course of Axial Spondyloarthritis in Pregnancy.European journal of rheumatology · 2026Article
- Evaluating the performance and acceptability of an artificial intelligence digital health exercise platform in females with and without axial spondyloarthritis: a phase I study.Advances in rheumatology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Real-world clinical experience with upadacitinib in a cohort of Italian patients with axial spondyloarthritis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Referral Patterns, Diagnostic Delay, and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis in a Tertiary Rheumatology Centre in Malaysia: A Retrospective Observational Study.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Biomarkers in axial spondyloarthritis diagnosis: from clinical signs to multi-omics integration.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Psychometrics of inflammatory back pain criteria in the US population.EULAR rheumatology open · 2025Article
- Exploring difficult-to-manage axial spondyloarthritis: results from a Dutch clinical practice registry.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Disparities in Time to Diagnosis of Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis.The Journal of rheumatology · 2025Observational
- Development of a Mouse Model of Enthesis-Specific NF-κB Activation.Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2025Article
- Disparities in Time to Diagnosis of Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis.The Journal of rheumatology · 2025Observational
- Observational
- Disease activity during pregnancy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or spondyloarthritis: results from the multicentre prospective GR2 study.BMC rheumatology · 2025Article
- Sexual dysfunction, anxiety, depression and reduced quality of life in women with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis- a cross-sectional analysis.Rheumatology international · 2025Article
- Ketogenic diet improves disease activity and cardiovascular risk in psoriatic arthritis: A proof of concept study.PloS one · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 11 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) should not be seen as a predominantly male disease, as the non-radiographic form occurs with roughly equal frequency in women and men. However, men and women experience this disease differently. The purpose of this review is to highlight sex-associated and gender-associated differences in the patient's journey through the diagnosis and management of axSpA, in order to increase the awareness about the unmet needs of female axSpA patients.Female patients experience a longer diagnostic delay compared with men, possibly due to the different pattern of clinical presentations across genders. Therefore, it is crucial to sensitise physicians to pay attention and identify the red flags of axSpA in women and promote early referral to a rheumatologist. Women with a diagnosis of axSpA experience greater limitations in physical function, although they have less structural spinal damage compared with men. Women tend to have less adherence and a lower response to treatment, so more gender-oriented data are needed about drugs used for axSpA, especially biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.Lifestyle factors have a strong impact on the disease course. Interventions regarding physical activity, smoking cessation and diet should be communicated to the patients, with particular attention to the gender-related cultural background.Patients of childbearing age living with axSpA should be engaged in a discussion about reproductive health, in terms of preservation of fertility, management of pregnancy and delivery and use of biologic drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.