ArticleBrain, behavior, and immunity2022
Inflammatory Subtypes in Antipsychotic-Naïve First-Episode Schizophrenia are Associated with Altered Brain Morphology and Topological Organization.
Article in Brain, behavior, and immunity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials of Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Early-Stage Psychotic Disorders.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Pooled it
- Neuroretinal Alterations in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: An Updated Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Pooled it
- Chemokine Dysregulation and Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Immune System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: An Integrative View and Translational Perspectives.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Cytokines and cognitive function in first-episode drug-naïve MDD: an inflammation panel perspective.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Aging in Schizophrenia: Perspectives on Molecular Mechanisms and a Mini-review.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Review
- Peripheral inflammation mediates cognitive deficits in drug-naive schizophrenia through hippocampal-thalamo-visual circuitry dysfunction.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Machine learning for immune biomarkers in severe mental illness: a systematic review.Neuroscience applied · 2026Review
- Assessment of serum inflammatory cytokines in first-episode psychosis: Cross-sectional study.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2026Article
- Calcium at the crossroads of the immunometabolic signaling and comorbidity in schizophrenia.Frontiers in synaptic neuroscience · 2026Article
- Morphological alterations of the thymus gland in individuals with schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Transcriptional evidence of reduced BDNF trophic capacity in the post-mortem human midbrain of schizophrenia cases with high inflammation.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Cerebral perfusion differences in the visual cortex and fusiform subregions across the psychosis spectrum.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Review
- The relationship between cognitive function and cortical thickness in first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia patients with agitation.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- The Role of Neuroglia in the Development and Progression of Schizophrenia.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Immunophenotypes in psychosis: is it a premature inflamm-aging disorder?Molecular psychiatry · 2024Review
- Electroretinographic dysfunction, insulin resistance, and childhood trauma in early-course psychosis: A case-control exploratory study.Biomarkers in neuropsychiatry · 2024Article
- Longitudinal assessment of ventricular volume trajectories in early-stage schizophrenia: evidence of both enlargement and shrinkage.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Immune-Inflammatory Response And Compensatory Immune-Regulatory Reflex Systems And White Matter Integrity in Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPeripheral inflammation is implicated in schizophrenia, however, not all individuals demonstrate inflammatory alterations. Recent studies identified inflammatory subtypes in chronic psychosis with high inflammation having worse cognitive performance and displaying neuroanatomical enlargement compared to low inflammation subtypes. It is unclear if inflammatory subtypes exist earlier in the disease course, thus, we aim to identify inflammatory subtypes in antipsychotic naïve First-Episode Schizophrenia (FES).
methods12 peripheral inflammatory markers, clinical, cognitive, and neuroanatomical measures were collected from a naturalistic study of antipsychotic-naïve FES patients. A combination of unsupervised principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering was used to categorize inflammatory subtypes from their cytokine data (17 FES High, 30 FES Low, and 33 healthy controls (HCs)). Linear regression analysis was used to assess subtype differences. Neuroanatomical correlations with clinical and cognitive measures were performed using partial Spearman correlations. Graph theoretical analyses were performed to assess global and local network properties across inflammatory subtypes.
resultsThe FES High group made up 36% of the FES group and demonstrated significantly greater levels of IL1β, IL6, IL8, and TNFα compared to FES Low, and higher levels of IL1β and IL8 compared to HCs. FES High had greater right parahippocampal, caudal anterior cingulate, and bank superior sulcus thicknesses compared to FES Low. Compared to HCs, FES Low showed smaller bilateral amygdala volumes and widespread cortical thickness. FES High and FES Low groups demonstrated less efficient topological organization compared to HCs. Individual cytokines and/or inflammatory signatures were positively associated with cognition and symptom measures.
conclusionsInflammatory subtypes are present in antipsychotic-naïve FES and are associated with inflammation-mediated cortical expansion. These findings support our previous findings in chronic psychosis and point towards a connection between inflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption. Thus, identifying inflammatory subtypes may provide a novel therapeutic avenue for biomarker-guided treatment involving anti-inflammatory medications.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.