ArticleAnnals of intensive care2021
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the epidemiology of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in Annals of intensive care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06001879 (Protocol Title), which is not on this map. Cited by 41 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Protocol Title : Development, Validation, and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Simulation in Basic Life Support Training (SBLST) on Newly Employed Nurses in Governmental Jordanian Hospitals.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests during the COVID-19 pandemic with those before the pandemic: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Epidemiology and Outcome of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.Yonsei medical journal · 2022Pooled it
- The collateral damage of COVID-19 to cardiovascular services: a meta-analysis.European heart journal · 2022Pooled it
- Risk and Protective Factors for Sudden Cardiac Death: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Out-of-Hospital Excess Mortality From Cardiovascular Diseases During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil.Cureus · 2026Article
- Emergency department cardiac arrest in Thailand: a two-regional medical center comparative cohort study of characteristics, resuscitation processes, and outcomes.Resuscitation plus · 2026Article
- Pan-Asian Resuscitation Outcomes Study (PAROS): A Living Population Laboratory Transforming Resuscitation Science Across Asia.JACC. Asia · 2025Article
- Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes following EMS resuscitation protocol revision during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based study.Resuscitation plus · 2025Article
- Nationwide Trends in Hospitalizations for Sudden Cardiac Arrest Before and During the COVID Outbreak.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- A retrospective cohort study on impact of Covid-19 outbreak on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in Telangana, India: mortality trends, contributing factors, and research imperatives.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on mortality in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with return of spontaneous circulation: a retrospective cohort study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on resuscitation attempts, bystander CPR and survival outcomes in Australia and New Zealand: A binational population-based, Epistry study.Resuscitation plus · 2025Article
- Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Ireland 2012 to 2020: Bystander CPR, bystander defibrillation and survival in the Utstein comparator group.Resuscitation plus · 2025Article
- Cardiac Arrhythmias and Autonomic Dysfunction Associated With COVID-19: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2024Review
- Article
- Health systems developments and predictors of bystander CPR in Ireland.Resuscitation plus · 2024Article
- Effects of Post-Hospital Arrival Factors on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Critical care explorations · 2024Article
- Bystander defibrillation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Ireland.Resuscitation plus · 2024Article
- Resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Ireland 2012-2020: Modelling national temporal developments and survival predictors.Resuscitation plus · 2024Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly influenced epidemiology, yet its impact on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the incidence and case fatality rate (CFR) of OHCA. We also evaluated the impact on intermediate outcomes and clinical characteristics.
methodsPubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to May 3, 2021. Studies were included if they compared OHCA processes and outcomes between the pandemic and historical control time periods. Meta-analyses were performed for primary outcomes [annual incidence, mortality, and case fatality rate (CFR)], secondary outcomes [field termination of resuscitation (TOR), return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival to hospital admission, and survival to hospital discharge], and clinical characteristics (shockable rhythm and etiologies). This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42021253879).
resultsThe COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a 39.5% increase in pooled annual OHCA incidence (p < 0.001). Pooled CFR was increased by 2.65% (p < 0.001), with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.95 for mortality [95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.51-2.51]. There was increased field TOR (OR = 2.46, 95%CI 1.62-3.74). There were decreased ROSC (OR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.55-0.77), survival to hospital admission (OR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.48-0.89), and survival to discharge (OR = 0.52, 95%CI 0.40-0.69). There was decreased shockable rhythm (OR = 0.73, 95%CI 0.60-0.88) and increased asphyxial etiology of OHCA (OR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.02-1.33).
conclusionCompared to the pre-pandemic period, the COVID-19 pandemic period was significantly associated with increased OHCA incidence and worse outcomes.
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Registered trials
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