Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34873316›Full record

ArticleActa pharmacologica Sinica2022

Novel treatment for refractory rheumatoid arthritis with total glucosides of paeony and nobiletin codelivered in a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system.

Biao Qu, Xiao-Lin Wang, De-Chong Zheng, Chu-Tian Mai, Zhong-Qiu Liu, Hua Zhou, Ying Xie

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Acta pharmacologica Sinica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 26% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
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  4. Nanoparticle Delivery Systems in Rheumatoid Arthritis: More Than Vehicles.Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Biao QuState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
Xiao-Lin WangState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
De-Chong ZhengState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
Chu-Tian MaiState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
Zhong-Qiu LiuJoint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
Hua ZhouState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China. hzhou@must.edu.mo.
Ying XieState Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China. yxie@must.edu.mo.
Macau University of Science and Technology · MOUniversity of Macau · MOGuangzhou University of Chinese Medicine · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain a substantial clinical problem, while the overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on their lymphocytes may contribute to resistance to anti-rheumatic drugs. This study aims to develop a novel treatment for refractory RA consisting of the combination of total glucosides of paeony (TGPs) and the P-gp inhibitor nobiletin (N), which are codelivered in a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS). Based on the solubility, compatibility, and pseudoternary phase diagram tests, a nano-SNEDDS formulation composed of capryol 90-cremophor EL35-tcranscutol HP (CET) to codeliver TGP and N was developed, and this formulation increased the bioavailability of TGP by 435.04% (indicated with paeoniflorin). A modified adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat model was verified for the overexpression of P-gp in lymphocytes and resistance to methotrexate (MTX) treatment at the reported anti-inflammatory dosage. CET formulation not only increased the solubility and permeability of TGP but also inhibited the function and expression of P-gp, leading to enhanced bioavailability and intracellular concentration in the lymphocytes of AIA rats and consequently boosting the anti-arthritic effects of TGP. Moreover, TGP and N coloaded CET reduced the expression of P-gp in AIA rats partly by inhibiting the phosphorylated AKT and HIF-1α pathways. In summary, TGP-N coloaded SNEDDS is a novel and effective treatment for refractory RA.

Indexed as

Arthritis, RheumatoidPaeoniaAnimalsDrug Delivery SystemsFlavonesGlucosidesRatsFlavonesGlucosidesnobiletinnobiletinP-glycoproteinrefractory rheumatoid arthritisself-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systemstotal glucosides of paeony

Identifiers

PMID34873316
PMCPMC9343439
OpenAlexW4200193634

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.