ArticleScientific reports2021
Resistance training induces similar adaptations of upper and lower-body muscles between sexes.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04845295 (The Effects of Resistance Training on Skeletal Muscle Morphological, Mechanical and Contractile Properties), which is not on this map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effects of Resistance Training on Skeletal Muscle Morphological, Mechanical and Contractile Properties
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The Effects of Resistance Training on Muscular Fitness, Muscle Morphology, and Body Composition in Elite Female Athletes: A Systematic Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Pooled it
- Acute Responses and Chronic Adaptations to Cluster Versus Traditional Set Resistance Training in Males and Females.European journal of sport science · 2026Trial
- Analysis of combinatory effects of free weight resistance training and a high-protein diet on body composition and strength capacity in postmenopausal women - A 12-week randomized controlled trial.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Trial
- Load- and velocity-specific adaptations to lower-body maximal strength training (MST), hypertrophy training (HT) and explosive strength training (EST).European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- The effect of velocity-based strength training on lower limb maximal strength, power, and muscle thickness: a comparative study of sex-specific adaptations.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- The Effects of Abdominal Draw-In Maneuvers Combined with Blood Flow Restriction on the Transverse Abdominis in University Students with Sedentary Lifestyles.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Optimizing Resistance Training for Sprint and Endurance Athletes: Balancing Positive and Negative Adaptations.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Review
- Sexual dimorphisms in skeletal muscle: current concepts and research horizons.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Review
- The Effects of Resistance Training on Sport-Specific Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Journal of human kinetics · 2024Review
- A botanical extract blend ofFrontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- The effects of eccentric phase tempo in squats on hypertrophy, strength, and contractile properties of the quadriceps femoris muscle.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
- Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions.Physiological reviews · 2023Review
- Enhanced skeletal muscle contractile function and corticospinal excitability precede strength and architectural adaptations during lower-limb resistance training.European journal of applied physiology · 2023Article
- Does Back Squat Exercise Lead to Regional Hypertrophy among Quadriceps Femoris Muscles?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to compare sex adaptations in hypertrophy, strength and contractile properties of upper and lower-body muscles induced by resistance training (RT). Eighteen RT untrained male (MG) and female (FG) students (aged 24.1 ± 1.7 years, height: 1.75 ± 0.08 m, weight: 70.4 ± 12.3 kg) undervent 7 weeks of biceps curl and squat training (2 days/week, 60-70% repetition maximum, 3-4 sets, 120 s rest intervals, reps until muscular failure). At baseline and final measurement, thickness and cross-section area, one-repetition maximum and tensiomyography parameters (contraction time - Tc and radial displacement - Dm) of elbow flexors (biceps brachii) and knee extensors (4 quadriceps muscles) were evaluated. Although MG tends to display greater absolute strength gains for upper- (p = 0.055) and lower-body (p = 0.098), for relative changes ANCOVA revealed no sex-specific differences for either of the tested variables. Significant hypertrophy was observed for all tested muscles, except for vastus intermedius in FG (p = 0.076). The Dm significantly decreased for biceps brachii (MG by 12%, p < 0.01 and FG by 13.1%, p < 0.01) and rectus femoris (MG by19.2%, p < 0.01 and FG by 12.3%, p < 0.05), while Tc values remain unchanged. These results indicate that initial morphological, functional and contractile alterations following RT are similar for males and females, and that there are no specific sex adaptations either for the upper- or lower-body muscles. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04845295).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.