Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34873026›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021

Temporal variation of planetary iron as a driver of evolution.

Jon Wade, David J Byrne, Chris J Ballentine, Hal Drakesmith

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Ferroptosis is a Physiologic Vulnerability of Iron-Recycling Macrophages.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Iron and the immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025
    Review
  9. Ferroptosis and cancer: when iron turns against tumors.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Cell differentiation controls iron assimilation in a choanoflagellate.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024
    Article
  17. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024
    Article
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Oxygen and the Spark of Human Brain Evolution: Complex Interactions of Metabolism and Cortical Expansion across Development and Evolution.The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry · 2024
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Jon WadeDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom; jon.wade@earth.ox.ac.uk chris.ballentine@earth.ox.ac.uk alexander.drakesmith@imm.ox.ac.uk.
David J ByrneCentre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, UMR 7358 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP 20, F-54501 Vandoeuvre-lés-Nancy, France.ORCID 0000-0003-3783-6816
Chris J BallentineDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom; jon.wade@earth.ox.ac.uk chris.ballentine@earth.ox.ac.uk alexander.drakesmith@imm.ox.ac.uk.
Hal DrakesmithMRC (Medical Research Council) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom jon.wade@earth.ox.ac.uk chris.ballentine@earth.ox.ac.uk alexander.drakesmith@imm.ox.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-8503-6103

Funding

Medical Research Council MC_UU_00008/10Medical Research Council MC_UU_12010/10
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Iron is an irreplaceable component of proteins and enzyme systems required for life. This need for iron is a well-characterized evolutionary mechanism for genetic selection. However, there is limited consideration of how iron bioavailability, initially determined by planetary accretion but fluctuating considerably at global scale over geological time frames, has shaped the biosphere. We describe influences of iron on planetary habitability from formation events >4 Gya and initiation of biochemistry from geochemistry through oxygenation of the atmosphere to current host-pathogen dynamics. By determining the iron and transition element distribution within the terrestrial planets, planetary core formation is a constraint on both the crustal composition and the longevity of surface water, hence a planet's habitability. As such, stellar compositions, combined with metallic core-mass fraction, may be an observable characteristic of exoplanets that relates to their ability to support life. On Earth, the stepwise rise of atmospheric oxygen effectively removed gigatons of soluble ferrous iron from habitats, generating evolutionary pressures. Phagocytic, infectious, and symbiotic behaviors, dating from around the Great Oxygenation Event, refocused iron acquisition onto biotic sources, while eukaryotic multicellularity allows iron recycling within an organism. These developments allow life to more efficiently utilize a scarce but vital nutrient. Initiation of terrestrial life benefitted from the biochemical properties of abundant mantle/crustal iron, but the subsequent loss of iron bioavailability may have been an equally important driver of compensatory diversity. This latter concept may have relevance for the predicted future increase in iron deficiency across the food chain caused by elevated atmospheric CO

Indexed as

Biological EvolutionEvolution, PlanetaryBiological AvailabilityEarth, PlanetEcosystemGenetic VariationGeologyHost-Pathogen InteractionsIronOxidation-ReductionSiderophoresWaterIronSiderophoresWatercomplex lifeevolutionironoxygenationplanetary habitability

Identifiers

PMID34873026
PMCPMC8713747

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.