Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34872797›Full record

ArticleVaccine2022

Evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination program in Oakland, California with respect to race and ethnicity: A matched cohort study.

Anna T Nguyen, Benjamin F Arnold, Chris J Kennedy, Kunal Mishra, Nolan N Pokpongkiat, Anmol Seth, Stephanie Djajadi, Kate Holbrook, Erica Pan, Pam D Kirley and 5 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
0.5field-weighted citation impact, top 34% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 5 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Anna T NguyenDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Electronic address: annatnguyen@stanford.edu.
Benjamin F ArnoldFrancis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Chris J KennedyDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
Kunal MishraDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Nolan N PokpongkiatDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Anmol SethDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Stephanie DjajadiDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Kate HolbrookDivision of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Alameda County Public Health Department, Oakland, CA, United States; Department of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Erica PanDivision of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Alameda County Public Health Department, Oakland, CA, United States; California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Pam D KirleyCalifornia Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, CA, United States.
Tanya LibbyCalifornia Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, CA, United States.
Alan E HubbardDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Arthur ReingoldDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
John M ColfordDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
Jade Benjamin-ChungDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
University of California, Berkeley · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USAlameda County Public Health Department · USHarvard University · US

Funding

Stanford BSSR Pre-Doctoral Training Program at the Intersection of Data Sciences with Behavioral, Social, and Population Health ResearchT32HL151323 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Michelle Christina Odden, David H Rehkopf · 2020 to 2026
$1.6M
NHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL151323
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIncreasing influenza vaccination coverage in school-aged children may substantially reduce community transmission. School-located influenza vaccinations (SLIV) aim to promote vaccinations by increasing accessibility, which may be especially beneficial to race/ethnicity groups that face high barriers to preventative care. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of a city-wide SLIV program by race/ethnicity from 2014 to 2018.

methodsWe used multivariate matching to pair schools in the intervention district in Oakland, CA with schools in a comparison district in West Contra Costa County, CA. We distributed cross-sectional surveys to measure caregiver-reported student vaccination status and estimated differences in vaccination coverage levels and reasons for non-vaccination between districts stratifying by race/ethnicity. We estimated difference-in-differences (DID) of laboratory confirmed influenza hospitalization incidence between districts stratified by race/ethnicity using surveillance data.

resultsDifferences in influenza vaccination coverage in the intervention vs. comparison district were larger among White (2017-18: 21.0% difference [95% CI: 9.7%, 32.3%]) and Hispanic/Latino (13.4% [8.8%, 18.0%]) students than Asian/Pacific Islander (API) (8.9% [1.3%, 16.5%]), Black (5.9% [-2.2%, 14.0%]), and multiracial (6.3% [-1.8%, 14.3%)) students. Concerns about vaccine effectiveness or safety were more common among Black and multiracial caregivers. Logistical barriers were less common in the intervention vs. comparison district, with the largest difference among White students. In both districts, hospitalizations in 2017-18 were higher in Blacks (Intervention: 111.5 hospitalizations per 100,00; Comparison: 134.1 per 100,000) vs. other races/ethnicities. All-age influenza hospitalization incidence was lower in the intervention site vs. comparison site among White/API individuals in 2016-17 (DID -25.14 per 100,000 [95% CI: -40.14, -10.14]) and 2017-18 (-36.6 per 100,000 [-52.7, -20.5]) and Black older adults in 2017-18 (-282.2 per 100,000 (-508.4, -56.1]), but not in other groups.

conclusionsSLIV was associated with higher vaccination coverage and lower influenza hospitalization, but associations varied by race/ethnicity. SLIV alone may be insufficient to ensure equitable influenza outcomes.

Indexed as

Influenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesAgedCaliforniaChildCohort StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesEthnicityHumansSchool Health ServicesSchoolsVaccinationVaccine EfficacyInfluenza VaccinesHospitalizationsInfluenzaSchool-located influenza vaccinationsSchoolsVaccination coverageVaccinations

Identifiers

PMID34872797
PMCPMC8881996
OpenAlexW4220781063

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.