Observational studyBMC neurology2021
Meningitis, meningoencephalitis and encephalitis in Bern: an observational study of 258 patients.
Observational study in BMC neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Outcome Assessments in Encephalitis: A Systematic ReviewNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Pooled it
- Presumed parasitic meningoencephalitis following fresh snail exposure: physiotherapy interventions and functional outcomes in two distinct families and one solo case.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Nationwide Trends in Hospitalizations and Clinical Outcomes for Meningitis and Encephalitis: A 10-year Swiss Population-based Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical and laboratory profiles of acute central nervous system infections in a Chinese pediatric cohort: a five-year retrospective analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Factors Predicting the Outcome in Patients With Acute Encephalitis Syndrome: A Retrospective Analysis of Surveillance Data in Bangladesh.Neurology research international · 2026Article
- Clinical Spectrum and Dynamics of Sequelae Following Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection: A Systematic Literature Review.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- [Management of acute community-acquired bacterial meningitis : Leading symptoms of impaired consciousness and fever with/without headache].Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · 2025Review
- The Clinical Manifestations, Risk Factors, Etiologies, and Outcomes of Adult Patients with Infectious Meningitis and Encephalitis: Single Center Experience.Neurology international · 2024Article
- Review
- Determining the bacterial and viral meningitis trend in Iraq from 2007 till 2023 using joinpoint regression.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Long-term sequelae after viral meningitis and meningoencephalitis are frequent, even in mildly affected patients, a prospective observational study.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Magnetic resonance imaging in acute meningoencephalitis of viral and unknown origin: frequent findings and prognostic potential.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Clinical infections in neurosurgical oncology: An overview.World journal of clinical cases · 2023Review
- Hippocampal Metabolic Alterations and Cognitive Dysfunction in Varicella Zoster Virus Meningitis: A Single-Center Case Series Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2023Article
- Can we forecast poor outcome in herpes simplex and varicella zoster encephalitis? A narrative review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDepending on geographic location, causes of encephalitis, meningoencephalitis and meningitis vary substantially. We aimed to identify the most frequent causes, clinical presentation and long-term outcome of encephalitis, meningoencephalitis and meningitis cases treated in the Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Switzerland.
methodsIn this monocentric, observational study, we performed a retrospective review of clinical patient records for all patients treated within a 3-year period. Patients were contacted for a telephone follow-up interview and to fill out questionnaires, especially related to disturbances of sleep and wakefulness.
resultsWe included 258 patients with the following conditions: encephalitis (18%), nonbacterial meningoencephalitis (42%), nonbacterial meningitis (27%) and bacterial meningoencephalitis/meningitis (13%). Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was the most common cause of encephalitis (18%); tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was the most common cause of nonbacterial meningoencephalitis (46%), enterovirus was the most common cause of nonbacterial meningitis (21%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common cause of bacterial meningoencephalitis/meningitis (49%). Overall, 35% patients remained without a known cause. After a median time of 16 months, 162 patients participated in the follow-up interview; 56% reported suffering from neurological long-term sequelae such as fatigue and/or excessive daytime sleepiness (34%), cognitive impairment and memory deficits (22%), headache (14%) and epileptic seizures (11%).
conclusionsIn the Bern region, Switzerland, TBEV was the overall most frequently detected infectious cause, with a clinical manifestation of meningoencephalitis in the majority of cases. Long-term neurological sequelae, most importantly cognitive impairment, fatigue and headache, were frequently self-reported not only in encephalitis and meningoencephalitis survivors but also in viral meningitis survivors up to 40 months after acute infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.