ArticleBMC ophthalmology2021
Long-term ocular damage after recovery from COVID-19: lack of evidence at three months.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- New-onset conjunctivitis 3.5 years post SARS-CoV-2 infection in an inner-city population in the Bronx.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on Ocular Surface Health: Infection Mechanisms, Immune Modulation, and Inflammatory Responses.Viruses · 2025Review
- Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 on Optic Disc and Retinal Microvasculature Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The spectrum of COVID-19-associated chorioretinal vasculopathy.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2023Article
- Virtual reality for assessing stereopsis performance and eye characteristics in Post-COVID.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Clinical diversities of patient eye care in para-COVID-19 era in Western Odisha.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2022Article
- Use of Imaging Technology to Assess the Effect of COVID-19 on Retinal Tissues: A Systematic Review.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2022Review
- Manifestations of COVID-19 in the posterior eye segment - Up-to-date.Oman journal of ophthalmologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
importanceA small number of COVID-19 patients has been reported to suffer from acute keratoconjunctivitis. In very rare cases, acute inflammatory retinal vein occlusion, papillophlebitis or retinopathy have been observed.
objectiveTo determine possible long-term effects on the eye, especially on the retina, in patients who had suffered from COVID-19 at least 3 months after recovery.
designProspective cross-sectional study.
settingHospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich.
participantsPatients who had been tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 or for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG serum antibodies in the Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich between May and September.
methodsPatients who had tested positive were either hospitalized or discharged into home quarantine via the emergency room. Three months after recovery, they were invited to participate voluntarily for this study during their follow-up in our clinic. A complete ophthalmological exam including functional and imaging end points (including optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography) was performed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Visual acuity, slit lamp, bio microscopy and fundoscopy, multimodal imaging findings.
resultsIn total, 21 patients were examined. The mean age (SD) of the patients was 48.7 (18.3) years. Of these, 14 (66.6%) were hospitalized and 7 (33.3) were discharged home. Two hospitalized patients (9.5%) received invasive ventilation. During the infection, 14 of the 21 patients (66.6%) were in regular care whereas 2 patients (9.5%) received intensive care ventilation for 8.5 (SD) (0.7) days on average in the COVID ICU. Ophthalmological examination of the previously hospitalized group took place 111.4 (23.2) days after recovery and discharge from the hospital, while non-hospitalized patients were examined after mean 123.4 (44.7) days. All patients showed normal findings for anterior and posterior segment of both eyes. OCT and OCT-A showed no evidence of retinal damage, or vascular or microvascular events. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: This study with a small prospective cohort of 21 patients indicates that there might be no evidence of ocular complications at 3 months after recovery from COVID-19, without previous eye involvement. Further studies with more participants with and without acute ocular symptoms are necessary for final evidence.
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