ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2022
Effects of Stress Exposure Versus Appraisal on Episodic Memory Trajectories: Evidence for Risk and Resilience Among Black Older Adults.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Depressive symptoms but not chronic stress mediate the link between income and cognition in Latino and Black older adults: findings from the Health and Aging Brain Study-Health Disparities.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Understanding the Stress Process Among Mexican American Adults Aged 50 and Older in the United States.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Pathways to Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Dementia.Annual review of clinical psychology · 2025Review
- Psychological Resilience and Cognitive Functioning in Black and White Men and Women.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- Cognitive function in Vietnam: the effects of war exposure and social engagement.Aging & mental health · 2025Article
- Disparities in Chronic Stress Exposure and Appraisal and Later-Life Disability.Innovation in aging · 2025Article
- Interpersonal, Community, and Societal Stressors Mediate Black-White Memory Disparities.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- An exploration of neighborhood characteristics, psychosocial resilience resources, and cognitive functioning among midlife and older black adults.Ethnicity & health · 2024Article
- Childhood and Adulthood Trauma Associate With Cognitive Aging Among Black and White Older Adults.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2024Article
- Mechanisms underlying the association between adverse childhood experiences and racial disparities in later-life cognition.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2024Article
- The Effects of Midlife Acute and Chronic Stressors on Black-White Differences in Cognitive Decline.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Article
- The effect of body mass index on self-rated health in middle-aged and older adults: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2023Article
- Coping Styles and Cognitive Function in Older Non-Hispanic Black and White Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Article
- Discrimination and Education Quality Moderate the Association of Sleep With Cognitive Function in Older Black Adults: Results From the Einstein Aging Study.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2023Article
- A life course approach to understanding stress exposures and cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- More Than Just Race: Redefining the Impact of Sociocultural and Biologic Determinants on Aging and Well-Being of Older Diverse Populations.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesChronic stressors, experienced disproportionately by Black older adults, are a risk factor for memory impairment. Racially patterned stress exposure may contribute to higher rates of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) among Black older adults compared with Whites, but less is known about the role of stress appraisal. This study examined whether chronic stress exposure mediates racial disparities in memory and whether stress appraisal moderates these associations.
methodsParticipants included 16,924 older adults (Mage = 67.39, 21% Black) from the 2010 and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study who completed measures of chronic stress exposure (health, financial, housing, relationships, and caregiving) and appraisal. Latent growth curves modeled longitudinal performance on a word list memory task over 6 years.
resultsBlack older adults reported greater stress exposure than Whites, and greater stress exposure partially mediated Black-White disparities in initial memory (standardized indirect effect = -0.002, p = .009). However, Black older adults appraised stressors as less upsetting than Whites. While stress appraisal did not moderate links between stress exposure and memory, appraising stressors as less upsetting was independently associated with better initial memory. Thus, Black-White disparities in initial memory was partially offset by Black participants' appraisal of stressors as less upsetting (standardized indirect effect = 0.002, p = .016). DISCUSSION: Reducing chronic stress exposure may reduce racial disparities in ADRD risk. The counteractive effect of stress appraisal on Black-White disparities in episodic memory highlights resilience factors among Black older adults that should be characterized in future research to move beyond deficit models of ADRD inequality.
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