SynthesisInternational journal of epidemiology2022
Mortality among rough sleepers, squatters, residents of homeless shelters or hotels and sofa-surfers: a pooled analysis of UK birth cohorts.
Synthesis in International journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mortality in people experiencing homelessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- State care in childhood and adult mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.The Lancet. Public health · 2022Pooled it
- Gaps in the usage and reporting of multiple imputation for incomplete data: findings from a scoping review of observational studies addressing causal questions.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Effects of mental health status during adolescence on primary care costs in adulthood across three British cohorts.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
- Assessing the coverage and timeliness of coronavirus vaccination among people experiencing homelessness in Wales, UK: a population-level data-linkage study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Premature mortality 16 years after emergency department presentation among homeless and at risk of homelessness adults: a retrospective longitudinal cohort study.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Social capital and women's narratives of homelessness and multiple exclusion in northern England.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHomelessness encompasses a wide spectrum of experience. Rough sleepers and people attending homeless shelters have been found to be at an increased risk of mortality. It is unclear whether risks are also elevated in those squatting, living temporarily in low-cost hotels or 'sofa-surfing' with friends or family members. This study examines mortality in a representative nationwide sample of people who have slept rough, squatted, lived in shelters or low-cost hotels and sofa-surfed.
methodsUsing unpublished data from two national birth cohorts, namely the National Child Development Study and the 1970 British Birth Cohort study, Cox proportional-hazards models and random-effects meta-analyses were used to analyse associations between homelessness and different types of homeless experience (rough sleeping, squatting, staying in a homeless shelter or low-cost hotel, and sofa-surfing) and mortality.
resultsOut of the 23 678 participants, 1444 (6.1%) reported having been homeless and 805 (3.4%) deaths occurred. Homelessness was associated with an increased risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-2.26]. Mortality risk was raised across the spectrum of homeless experience, from sleeping rough (HR 4.71, 95% CI 2.38-9.30), to squatting (HR 6.35, 95% CI 2.73-14.75), staying in a homeless shelter (HR 4.89, 95% CI 2.36-10.11), staying in a low-cost hotel (HR 3.38, 95% CI 1.30-8.79 through to sofa-surfing (HR 2.86, 95% CI 1.84-4.42). Associations remained after separate control for socio-economic status, mental health, substance use, accidents and assaults, and criminality.
conclusionsMortality rates were raised across all types of homeless experience. This included squatting and sofa-surfing that have not previously been reported. Studies that have omitted the less severe, but more prevalent, use of low-cost hotels and sofa-surfing may have underestimated the impacts of homelessness on mortality.
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